To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment what type of housing is envisaged for the five areas of new housing in east London announced on 20 April; how many will be for sale and how many for rent; under whose auspices the development will take place; what total amount of expenditure is envisaged; who will be responsible for funding; and what is the anticipated time scale from commissioning of consultants' reports and the commencement of the first construction.

A mix of housing in the five areas is envisaged. It is too early to comment on the nature of that mix, which will depend on planning and other considerations. Similarly it is premature to comment on the other matters raised by the hon. Member as these will be amongst the topics covered by the appointed consultant.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment what consultations took place between his Department and the London boroughs involved before he made his announcement on the consultancy studies of the prospects for new housing on five sites in east London; and if he will make a statement.

No special consultations took place between the Department and the London boroughs involved. The Department keeps in general contact with all London boroughs.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment when the leader of Newham council was notified of his announcement of consultancy studies of the prospect for new housing in five areas in east London; and when the original announcement was made.

I wrote to the leader of Newham council on 21 April, the day following my announcement.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment if, pursuant to his reply to the hon. Member for Esher (Mr. Taylor) of 20 April, Official Report, column 825, he will involve the London boroughs concerned with the work to be undertaken by the consultants commissioned to carry out studies on the five sites for housing development in east London; and if he will make a statement.

London boroughs
Housing capital expenditure (outturn)
£ million
		1980–81	1981–82	1982–83	1983–84	1984–85	1985–86	1986–87
	City of London	1·5	0·8	0·6	1·3	2·4	1·2	5·5
	Barking and Dagenham	4·9	3·5	4·1	4·7	2·7	5·5	7·5
	Barnet	12·1	7·7	8·1	12·3	11·8	12·1	14·3
	Bexley	5·7	6·8	7·3	8·2	9·5	7·5	4·3

It is intended to involve the London boroughs concerned as appropriate.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment, pursuant to his answer to the hon. Member for Esher (Mr. Taylor) of 20 April, Official Report, column 825, what is the consultancy fee allowed for in the study of the five sites for housing identified in east London; and if he will make a statement.

The commission will be let by competitive tender so no fee has yet been determined.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment if he will make a statement on his proposal to amend and consolidate the General Development Order 1977.

I gave details of our proposals to amend and consolidate the GDO in an answer to my hon. Friend the Member for Leeds, North-East (Mr. Kirkhope) on 4 February 1988, Official Report, columns 711–12. We are now considering comments received in response to the consultation paper we issued that day. We expect to make the new order later this year.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment if he or his officials have yet held a meeting with members of the South East Regional Planning Conference to consider the new projections of household numbers to 2001; and if he will make a statement.

My right hon. Friend expects to meet members of the conference for this purpose soon.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment how many major spectator sporting events were held on Sundays in 1987; and if he will list them.

This information is not held centrally.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment if he will publish in the Official Report, for each London borough, for each year since 1980–81, (a) total HIP expenditure (outturn); (b) HIP expenditure funded by capital receipts.

[pursuant to her reply 26 April 1988 c. 137–8]: The information requested is shown in the table.

To ask the Secretary of State for Education and Science if he will list, by local education authority in England and Wales, the latest figures on racial harassment in school; and if he will make a statement on what guidelines his Department has issued to education authorities on racial harassment.

Statistical information on incidents of racial harassment in schools is not collected centrally.Advice on dealing with racial harassment was issued in October 1983 in the form of a paper published by HM inspectorate, on "Race Relations in Schools". The paper was based on detailed discussions with a number of urban and county LEAs. Copies were sent to all chief education officers and all teacher-training institutions. The paper identified a range of actions which schools might take to encourage good race relations. HMI continue, in the course of their regular visits and formal inspections, to offer advice and guidance on good practice.

To ask the Secretary of State for Education and Science if he will express the number of women (a) applying for and (b) starting computer courses at universities and polytechnics over the past five years as a percentage of all domestic applicants and starters; if he will take steps to promote (i) more such courses and (ii) a higher proportion of women students in such courses; and if he will make a statement.

Figures for applicants are available only for the universities. They are:

To ask the Secretary of State for Education and Science what information he has on the per capita spending on education in (i) the United Kingdom, (ii) West Germany, (iii) the United States of America and (iv) Japan.

The readily available information on current public expenditure on education per capita is given in the table:

Country	Year of data	Expenditure per capita at 1983 prices £1
United Kingdom2	1983	269
Gennany, Federal Republic of	1983	253
USA3	1982	458
Japan4	1982	216
1 At purchasing power parity; expenditure adjusted to calendar year, where necessary, using consumer prices indices.
2 Excludes expenditure on nursing and paramedical courses at DHSS establishments.
3 Includes capital expenditure.
4Excludes public subsidies to private education.

To ask the Secretary of State for Education and Science if he has received the report of the committee established to advise on what children should know about language; and if he will make a statement.

I am publishing today the report of the committee chaired by Sir John Kingman. I asked the committee to advise what, in general terms, children need to know about the English language, and in consequence what they should have been taught and be expected to understand on this score at ages 7, 11 and 16. I am grateful to the committee for its hard work. It has produced an interesting report which will contribute to discussion about the teaching of the English language and about the importance of the grammatical structure of the language and of the correct use of the spoken word.English is one of the core subjects in the national curriculum as proposed in the Education Reform Bill now before Parliament. I am now appointing a working group on English to make recommendations for attainment targets and programmes of study for English as a whole. The working group's terms of reference are set out in the table. I am specifically asking the English working group to take account of the relevant recommendations of the Kingman committee in its work on attainment targets and programmes of study.The working group will be chaired by Professor Brian Cox, Pro-Vice Chancellor and John Edward Taylor Professor of English Literature at Manchester University. Its membership will be:

To ask the Secretary of State for Education and Science when he intends to set up a working group to recommend attainment targets and programmes of study for technology within the national curriculum; and if he will make a statement.

My right hon. Friend the Secretary of State for Wales and I are from today establishing a working group on design and technology. The group will advise on attainment targets and programmes of study for technology within the national curriculum for secondary school pupils. The science working group which we appointed last summer is making recommendations about technology for primary school pupils.The design and technology working group will also advise on attainment targets and programmes of study for information technology, and on a framework for design across foundation subjects, for all pupils of compulsory school age. The working group's formal terms of reference which include guidance on the approach to technology within the national curriculum are set out below. We are grateful to Lady Parkes, a governor of the BBC and a member of the Secondary Examinations Council, for agreeing to take the chair of a working group on design and technology. The other members of the group are:

To ask the Secretary of State for Education and Science if he will list in the Official Report the names of all statutory bodies, committees of inquiries and task groups and other similar bodies which are due to report to him in 1988, with details in each case of the subject matter of the reports; when the reports are expected to be submitted to him; and when they are likely to be published.

[holding answer 28 April 1988]: The information required is listed in the table. The list excludes Her Majesty's inspectorate and standing advisory bodies such as the University Grants Committee and the Advisory Board for the Research Councils.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department if he will institute an independent inquiry into the circumstances under which charges were brought, and criminal proceedings conducted against Mr Roc Sanford by the Metropolitan police on the grounds of the possession of drugs.

No. An inquiry supervised by the Police Complaints Authority has already been carried out by the Metropolitan police. Its findings are still being considered.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department what information he has in relation to the number of teachers, social workers, medical staff and associated staff who have been vetted by police before they are employed in jobs where they work with children; and whether his Department keeps information as to the number of people refused employment and the reasons therefor.

The latest figures available are for the period 17 July 1986 to 31 August 1987. During this period, there were 161,276 requests for police checks under the arrangements introduced for the protection of children. Information about the professions for which these checks were carried out is not held centrally.Information is not held centrally about the number of people refused employment as a result of information provided through these arrangements, as it is for employing authorities to determine what action to take in the light of this information and the other circumstances of the case.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department if he will call for a report on the number of assaults on minicab drivers in east London; and if he will make a statement.

Comprehensive information about such assaults is not routinely collected and could be obtained only at disproportionate cost. However, I am informed by the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis that his records show that in the period 1 January 1988 to 25 April 1988 there were 18 cases of theft or robbery involving cab drivers in the Leyton area in which there was also some degree of assault. These cases may include incidents in which licensed taxi drivers as well as minicab drivers were involved. We fully support the efforts which the police are making to prevent such crimes taking place and to bring to justice those who perpetrate them.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department what is the weekly cost of keeping a prisoner on remand in (a) prison and (b) police cells.

During the financial year 1986–87, the latest year for which information is available, the average weekly cost of keeping a prisoner in custody in a local prison or remand centre was £231. During the same period, the average weekly cost of keeping a prisoner on remand in a police cell was £651.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department what has been the cost which has fallen on police authorities in England and Wales as a result of prisoners being remanded to police cells in the first quarter of 1988; and if he will make a statement.

Information on the costs which have fallen to police authorites in England and Wales as a result of prisoners being remanded to police cells in the first quarter of 1988 is not available, but the amount reimbursed by the prison department in the first quarter of 1988 to police authorities in respect of claims received for prisoners being remanded to police cells is £18,316,638.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department how many otherwise unemployed persons are employed as part-time firemen by fire authorities in the United Kingdom.

This information is not held centrally.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department what is his policy towards the practice of immigration officers handing files relating to individual applicants to those applicants.

It is not the practice of immigration officers to hand files to applicants. The individual case which I assume the hon. Member has in mind was an isolated error for which apologies have already been made.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department if he will give the latest statistics available on the number and percentage of cases in which he did not uphold the decision to refuse entry clearance after representation by right hon. and hon. Members.

The information requested is not readily available and could be provided only at disproportionate cost. Appeals against refusal of entry clearance are properly a matter for the immigration appellate authorities.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department what was the prison population per 100,000 inhabitants on 1 February 1987 and for each year

Prison population per 100,000 inhabitants in member states of the Council of Europe on 1 February, 1983–87
Member state	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	Ranking on 1 February 1987	Percentage increase February 1983 to February 1987
Austria	114	114	112	109	103	1	-10
Belgium	2	72	67	64	69	8=	2
Cyprus	30	39	33	32	38	16	28
Denmark	63	70	68	69	69	8=	10
France	68	74	80	81	89	5	31
West Germany	103	104	100	92	84	7	-18
Greece	35	40	37	37	40	15	15
Ireland	37	48	47	52	54	13	46
Iceland	35	32	34	36	37	17=	5
Italy	65	76	78	77	57	11=	-11
Luxembourg	72	78	69	92	99	3	37
Malta	29	30	28	27	28	19	-5
Netherlands	28	31	34	35	37	17=	29
Norway	52	48	51	51	50	14	-3
Portugal	53	69	87	96	85	6	60
Spain	60	38	51	61	67	10	11
Sweden	65	57	58	56	57	11=	-12
Switzerland	58	62	68	2	2	3	2
Turkey	2	171	147	130	100	2	2
United Kingdom	191	188	90	94	96	4	16
England and Wales	87	86	88	92	94	3	8
Scotland	101	90	97	109	109	3	9
Northern Ireland	1162	1156	135	125	121	3	1-25

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department when he intends to implement the Government's proposals to extend the franchise for British citizens overseas; and what plans he has for consultation about this matter.

Information published by the Council of Europe is shown in the table. The Council of Europe publishes information on the prison population in member states twice a year in its "Prison Information Bulletin'', copies of which are held in the Library.The figures for different countries are unlikely to be strictly comparable because the definitions of prisons and prisoners vary from one country to another, reflecting different legal and administrative systems. Such differences may have a substantial effect on the comparisons. However, the most recent information indicates that on 1 February 1987 the prison population per 100,000 inhabitants in the United Kingdom, at 96, was the fourth highest among 19 member states; for seven of the 19 states, including France and Germany, the rate was over 80 per 100,000 inhabitants. Between February 1983 and February 1987, the prison population per 100,000 inhabitants increased in 13 of the member states. In England and Wales the increase was 8 per cent. This increase was substantially lower than in several other countries: Portugal (60 per cent.), Ireland (46 per cent.), Luxembourg (37 per cent.), France (31 per cent.), Netherlands (29 per cent.) and Cyprus (28 per cent.).

During this Parliament I intend to bring forward legislation to extend the eligibility of British citizens living overseas to register as electors in this country. I have placed in the Library copies of a consultation paper which the Home Departments are issuing today to representatives of the local authorities, electoral registration officers, and main political parties. This discusses possible ways of giving effect to our manifesto commitment to British citizens overseas.

To ask the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster what representations he has received concerning the effect of current restrictions on the temporary export of personal computers by British business men; and if he will make a statement.

I am aware of the problems which controls on the temporary export of personal computers have been causing British business men. In agreement with Her Majesty's Customs, steps have been taken to ease the burden. An export licence will no longer be required for the temporary export to most free world destinations of many small personal computers for the visitor's own use.

To ask the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster whether any export licences were granted in the years (a) 1970 to May 1979, and (b) May 1979 to the present to Amersham International plc, or its predecessor, the Radiochemical Centre, for shipments of radioactive packages from the United Kingdom to the Centre Etudes Nuclêairs at Mol in Belgium.

It has been the practice of successive Governments not to make public information of this kind.

To ask the Secretary of State for Wales what courses are available in Wales for nurses and midwives to undertake further training to improve the scope and standard of their skills.

The following courses are available in Wales to enable nurses and midwives to undertake further training to improve the scope and standard of their skills:

To ask the Secretary of State for Wales if he will give the average payment and the percentage increases in the Welsh water rate in each year since 1974.

The information requested is given in the table:

To ask the Secretary of State for Wales what are the recommended staffing levels by patient category in Welsh hospitals; and what are the current staffing levels.

There are no recommended staffing levels by patient category in hospitals. The determination of appropriate staffing levels is an operational matter for individual health authorities.Staff numbers by individual hospitals are not held centrally. With the exception of medical and dental staff and nursing and midwifery staff, information which is held centrally does not distinguish between community and hospital based staff.The table provides a breakdown by authority, and between hospital and community based staff where appropriate, at 30 September 1986:

Welsh Water Authority: average household bill
	£	Percentage1
1975–76	37·44	—
1976–77	43·91	17·3
1977–78	47·66	8·5
1978–79	44·11	(7·4)
1979–80	49·08	11·3
1980–81	60·38	23·0
1981–82	66·76	10·6

To ask the Secretary of State for Wales if he will publish a table showing for each county and for each district in Wales the number and the cost of schemes approved by his Department under the urban aid programme since 1974.

Information prior to 1979–80 is not available in the form required. Since that time the total allocations made to individual local authorities and the number of new schemes approved are as follows:

Local authorities	Allocation £ million	Number of new schemes
Clwyd County Council	10·2	57
Alyn and Deeside District Council	3·6	39
Colwyn Borough Council	0·2	6
Delyn Borough Council	7·8	47
Glyndwr District Council	0·2	4
Rhuddlan Borough Council	0·2	5
Wrexham Maelor Borough Council	7·7	70
Dyfed County Council	3·4	29
Carmarthen District Council	0·2	4
Ceredigion District Council	0·1	2
Dinefwr Borough Council	1·4	17
Llanelli Borough Council	5·2	50
Preseli Pembrokeshire District Council	2·4	22
South Pembrokeshire District Council	2·3	26
Gwent County Council	5·7	50
Blaenau Gwent Borough Council	7·7	109
Islwyn Borough Council	3·4	70
Monmouth District Council	0·2	2
Newport Borough Council	8·3	98
Torfaen Borough Council	2·7	48
Gwynedd County Council	4·9	30

To ask the Secretary of State for Wales if he will publish a table indicating the capital expenditure by central and local government departments in each of the counties of Wales for 1986–87.

A breakdown of the totality of central Government expenditure in Wales is not readily available in the form requested. However, for the major programmes within my responsibility, the information is estimated to be as follows:

Local authorities	Allocation £ million	Number of new schemes
Aberconwy Borough Council	0·1	3
Arfon Borough Council	2·5	34
Dwyfor District Council	0	0
Meirionnydd District Council	0·9	2
Ynys Môn Borough Council	1·0	10
Mid Glamorgan County Council	9·3	82
Cynnon Valley Borough Council	4·2	68
Merthyr Tydfil Borough Council	5·3	67
Ogwr Borough Council	2·9	34
Rhondda Borough Council	8·0	101
Rhymney Valley District Council	4·6	36
Taff-Ely Borough Council	1·5	21
Powys County Council	0·6	9
Brecknock Borough Council	0·4	3
Montgomeryshire District Council	0·1	4
Radnor District Council	0·1	1
South Glamorgan County Council	9·9	129
Cardiff County Council	8·3	87
Vale of Glamorgan Borough Council	2·2	32
West Glamorgan County Council	4·8	59
Port Talbot Borough Council	3·7	61
Lliw Valley Borough Council	0·8	9
Neath Borough Council	3·4	40
Swansea County Council	6·7	83

To ask the Secretary of State for Wales when he expects to make an announcement concerning the future financing, structure and marketing of the Welsh crafts industry.

I announced a comprehensive packagoe of support for the Welsh craft industry on 27 April. The arrangements have been welcomed by all the key bodies involved, including the Welsh Development Agency, Mid-Wales Development and the Wales Craft Council.

To ask the Secretary of State for Wales if he will list those primary schools in Powys which (a) have classes where Welsh is the sole or main medium of instruction of first or second language pupils, (b) have classes of first or second language pupils where some of the teaching is through the medium of Welsh, and (c) teach no Welsh or where Welsh is taught as a second language but not used as a teaching medium.

The information is as follows:

To ask the Secretary of State for Wales if he will list those primary schools in Clwyd which (a) have classes where Welsh is the sole or main medium of instruction of first or second language pupils, (b) have classes of first or second language pupils where some of the teaching is through the medium of Welsh and (c) teach no Welsh, or where there are classes where Welsh is taught as a second language but not used as a teaching medium.

[holding answer 22 April 1988]: The information is as follows:

To ask the Secretary of State for Employment what proposals and guidelines his Department is giving to industry to implement new machine design, material substitution, improved ventilation and hygiene to eradicate the possible cancer causing hazards of synthetic metal cutting and grinding fluids contaminated with nitrosamines.

The Health and Safety Executive has recently published guidance note EH49 entitled "Nitrosamines in synthetic metal cutting and grinding fluids". A copy will be placed in the Library. This guidance note is available to the general public through HMSO and gives information and guidance on the occurrence and hazards of nitrosamines in synthetic metal cutting fluids and the precautions needed to elimate or control those hazards.

To ask the Secretary of State for Employment what representations he has received on the future of the national dock labour scheme.

My right hon. Friend has received a number of such representations calling for the scheme to be abolished. The Government have made clear that they understand the views expressed, but have explained that there are no present plans for change.

To ask the Secretary of State for Employment if he will state the total costs incurred by his Department on foreign travel during the financial year 1987–88, identified by (a) ministerial travel and (b) travel abroad by civil servants.

[holding answer 22 April 1988]: During the financial year 1987–88 approximately £50,000 was spent on travel abroad by Ministers and immediate staff and approximately £600,000 was spent on travel abroad by DE group officials.

To ask the Secretary of State for Scotland whether he will make a statement on the details of the system to be used to limit commercial rate increases after the 1990 revaluation.

My right hon. and learned Friend the Secretary of State last week announced plans to cushion Scottish businesses from the full effects of increases in their rates bills brought about by the 1990 revaluation. Our intention is to place a ceiling on the amount of the increase which any non-domestic ratepayer will face in any one year following the revaluation. We also recognise that, in the case of small businesses, rates tend to form a higher share of costs. We intend, therefore, to take power to provide more generous arrangements for small businesses. The levels of the ceilings and the definition of small businesses will be decided once the effects of the revaluation can be more clearly judged.

To ask the Secretary of State for Scotland if he will list in the Official Report the criteria used in allocating grants to areas of deprivation; and if he will list those areas to which grants have been allocated.

Urban areas with levels of deprivation in the worst 10 per cent. in Scotland qualify for assistance under the urban programme. In the current year new grants have been allocated to a range of projects in all mainland regions except Borders and Highland regions. The eligible areas are listed on page 18 of "New Life for Urban Scotland" published on 29 March 1988.

To ask the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food what representations he has received concerning his recent consultative document on pesticide residues.

I have to date received one substantive written response.

To ask the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food what is his long-term policy with regard to farm incomes.

The Government's policy is to promote a viable and competitive agricultural industry. The reforms of the CAP agreed at the recent European Council should lead to a better balance of supply and demand which should lead to farmers having greater stability in the long run and a better atmosphere within which to make sound business decisions about the future.

To ask the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland what is the cost per pupil of education in Northern Ireland at (a) primary and (b) secondary levels; what were the equivalent figures five and 10 years ago in cash and real terms; and if he will make a statement.

The recurrent cost figures are as follows:

	1976–77 £	1981–82 £	1986–87 £
Cash prices
Primary	257·28	560·60	794·18
Secondary	404·30	853·05	1,312·08
Real terms
Primary	630·84	716·27	794·18
Secondary	991·32	1,089·93	1,312·08

Unit expenditure in 1986–87 (the latest year for which figures are available) has more than trebled in cash terms from 1976–77 levels. In real terms the increases are over 25 per cent. and should be against a backcloth of falling enrolments, down more than 8 percent. (or 31,000 pupils) in these 10 years. This is clear evidence of the Government's continuing commitment to education in the Province.

To ask the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland what is the number of, and if he will list, the respondents to the Department of Economic Development's advertisement in the Belfast Telegraph of 3 March on the new adult training programme in Northern Ireland.

A total of 367 persons and organisations responded to the Department's advertisement published in local newspapers throughout Northern Ireland during March 1988. These responses are being treated in confidence by the Department and it would not therefore be appropriate to list the respondents.

To ask the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland if he will make a statement on the applicability of the new arrangements for the adult training programme for Northern Ireland; and when the new arrangements will be announced.

The new arrangements for adult training in Great Britain recently announced by my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State for Employment do not extend to Northern Ireland. Consideration is now being given to the production of corresponding proposals for Northern Ireland which take account of the local circumstances. These proposals will be announced in due course.

To ask the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland if he will list the funds expended in 1986–87 and 1987–88 on economic development through the Industrial Development Board and the local enterprise development unit.

Of the funds allocated to economic development in Northern Ireland in 1986–87 £107 million was expended by the Industrial Development Board and £25·5 million by the Local Enterprise Development Unit.

To ask the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland if he will make a statement on community economic development; and if he will list the initiatives or projects supported or funded by the Department of Economic Development in 1986–87 and 1987–88 to stimulate this form of economic development.

The Government are committed to encouraging local communities to play as full a part as possible in economic development and job creation throughout Northern Ireland. To this end the action for community employment scheme provides employment opportunities for persons who have been unemployed for more than one year in a wide range of projects of benefit to the community. In the year 1986–87 6,150 were employed under the ACE scheme at a cost of £28·54 million. In 1987–88 6,200 were employed at a cost of £28·84 million. As part of the ACE programme a pilot enterprise scheme was launched in May 1987 to help ACE workers move into self-employment. During 1987–88 a total of 84 applications were received under the scheme and of these 51 were approved. The local enterprise programme has supported the establishment of 35 locally based business-led enterprise groups capable of accommodating and supporting 1,000 small businesses and 3,000 jobs by the end of this year. Assistance totalling £3·5 million has been offered under the programme during the past two years.

To ask the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland if, in view of the fact that one to two-day courses for teachers are ineligible for substitute cover, and the implications for health and safety standards, he will review the operation of substitute teacher regulations in primary schools in Northern Ireland with particular regard to allowing primary school principals to obtain a substitute teacher in the first and second day of absence.

A review of the substitution provision is being carried out by the Department of Education for Northern Ireland.The teachers regulations provide that:

To ask the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland how many representations from trade unions and individual teachers he received concerning the implementation of the substitute teacher regulations in primary schools.

The Northern Ireland Teachers Council has raised the matter of substitution cover at the Negotiating committee on Teachers Salaries and Conditions of Service. Representations have also been made by the National Association of Head Teachers and by individual teachers of two primary schools.