Teachers will use the National Curriculum planning guidance, together with their knowledge of pupils’ prior attainment and the programmes of study for key stages 2 and 4, to ensure appropriate progression, while taking full advantage of the flexibility offered by the new key stage 3 programme of study. Light and sound are ways in which energy is transferred from one place to another and as such are placed within “Energy, electricity and forces”. To signal that the properties and behaviour of light and sound are still a significant component of the key stage 3 programme of study, they are specifically mentioned in the explanatory notes accompanying the range and content section.