To ask the Secretary of State for Transport what impact charges on the emission of oxides of nitrogen on (a) landing and (b) take-off at Heathrow and Gatwick airports have had on such emissions in each year since their introduction; and whether the revenue from those charges is hypothecated for spending on further emissions reduction measures. (131725)

It is too early to assess the effect of charges. The current framework is essentially revenue neutral with rebates for clean aircraft funded by the less clean aircraft. This, and other levers, have encouraged the industry to commit to reducing NOx emissions by 80 per cent. for new aircraft in 2020 compared with 2000.