My Lords, I beg to ask Her Majesty's Government the following Question, of which I have given private notice—namely, whether Her Majesty's Government have any statement to make about the Television Advisory Committee.

My Lords, I have reconstituted the Television Advisory Committee with the following terms of reference:

"To advise the Postmaster General on the development of television and sound broadcasting at frequencies above 30 megacycles per second and related matters, including competitive television services and television for public showing in cinemas and elsewhere."

I am glad to say that Admiral Sir Charles Daniel, K.C.B., C.B.E., D.S.O., has agreed to act as Chairman. There will be nine members, as follows: three members with wide experience in industry—namely, Sir Edward Herbert, Kt., O.B.E., the Honourable Charles McLaren and E.M. Fraser, Esq., C.B.E.; and G. Darnley Smith, Esq., and C. O. Stanley, Esq., C.B.E., of the Radio Industry Council. The remaining four members will be the Director General of the B.B.C., and a senior official from the Treasury, the Ministry of Supply and the Post Office.

My Lords, I beg to ask the Question which stands in my name on the Order Paper.

My Lords, responsibility for enforcing legal standards of composition for food rests with the local food and drugs authority. Before instituting the proceedings on September 3 last, the East Sussex County Council had warned Miss Carter in 1950, 1951 and again in 1952 that her preserves did not conform to the requirements of the Food Standards (Preserves) Order, 1944. The requirements of the legal standard were also explained to Miss Carter in a letter which the Ministry of Food sent her on May 8, 1950

My Lords, in thanking the noble Lord for his reply, may I ask if he will convey to his right honourable friend that the general public would be greatly reassured if they knew that the Minister personally gave attention to these matters before any prosecution was launched?

My Lords, I will draw my right honourable friend's attention to what my noble friend has said.

My Lords, I beg to ask the Question which stands in my name on the Order Paper.

My Lords, there are no such regulations in force. The suggestion that motor cars from the Continent should be disinfected has been given much thought, but my Department's veterinary staff consider that the risk of their spreading foot and mouth disease is negligible. My right honourable friend has, therefore, taken the view that special regulations for disinfection, which would interfere considerably with the normal course of traffic, would not he justified. This is, however, one of the questions which will be considered by the Gowers Committee on Foot and Mouth Disease which are now taking evidence.

My Lords, in thanking my noble friend for his reply, may I say that I am glad to note that there is to be a Committee on this question. May I ask, whatever that Committee decide, would it not be a wise thing that, as an experiment—and it would cost nothing—cars going to the Continent, especially by air for one day and coming back into Kent and Surrey, should go through the usual precautionary disinfection which all of us have to go through when foot and mouth disease is near our farms?

My Lords, I think it would be better to wait until this expert Committee have reported. They are inquiring into this sort of thing. That is what the Committee were set up to do, and perhaps, if we waited, we should obtain further information about the question.

My Lords, I beg to ask the Question which stands in my name on the Order Paper.

My Lords, I have received reports about the recent visits of officials of the Soviet Embassy to Derby and Bradford. These visits are a matter of public concern and have caused alarm among the refugees from Eastern Europe living there. I accordingly requested the Soviet Chargé d'Affaires to call, and I have drawn his attention to the highly undesirable nature of these activities. I trust that these representations will be effective.

The answer I gave in your Lordships' House on July 15 still applies. And I repeat that refugees are in no sense obliged to entertain such approaches, let alone yield to them, and should report to the police any cases in which they consider that improper pressure is being exercised on them. I would also repeat that refugees resident in this country can rest assured that they have the full protection of our courts and that no foreign authority can by arbitrary action force them to leave this country against their will.

My Lords, when the noble Marquess gave me that assurance about the protection of our courts on July 15, I presumed he realised that such an assurance is quite inoperative when the transgressors are members of a foreign Embassy, because there is no court that has jurisdiction over them. Therefore, in such a case as this the assurance is quite illusory. I should also like to ask the noble Marquess whether he realises that this kind of thing is going on the whole time. I have here in my pocket details of another three or four such cases. The scandal is a very grave one. These people live in considerable apprehension, and I would ask him again whether more effective steps cannot be taken to remedy this situation.

My Lords, I confess that I had rather hoped the noble Lord would share my view that in the circumstances it would be right and proper, before pursuing the matter further, to see what was the effect of the representations made to the Soviet Chargé d'Affaires. I hope that these representations may not prove wholly ineffective.

My Lords, I propose to send to the noble Marquess a collection of other cases of intimidation which have taken place in this country since he last gave me that assurance. If there are any further cases after the notice which he served on the Soviet Chargé d'Affaires, I shall be compelled to raise the matter again in a more serious form in your Lordships' House.

My Lords, the noble Lord must not take it that we do not know of any cases. I have said that we know of these cases, and they are the kind of cases upon which my conversation with the Soviet Chargé d'Affaires was conducted. As regards the rather admonitory remark with which he finished—I was going to say his question, but I think I may say his speech, all I will say is that if he thinks fit to raise this matter, after having seen whether the present representations have any effect, of course, I shall be delighted to discuss the matter with him.

My Lords, the noble Marquess has not, in any case, answered the second part of my question. May I have an answer to that?

My Lords, as regards these two individuals, there is at the present moment no evidence on which we could ask for their recall. As regards the question of permits, the noble Lord, if I may say so, is not quite accurate in referring to permits. It is not a question of permits. It is a question of those members of the Soviet Embassy who desire to move outside the twenty-five miles radius notifying the Foreign Office that they desire so to do. That notification does not call for any statement as to the purpose of a particular journey. Before the noble Lord puts a supplementary on that, I would ask him to bear carefully in mind that the regulations which we have made in that regard are similar to the ones which are applicable to the members of our Embassy in Moscow.

My Lords, is not such a limitation quite ineffective, if a man has only to ask for a permit and can go off and do something highly undesirable, like this episode in Bradford, which does not stand alone—there are heaps going on in other towns?

My Lords, it is not wholly ineffective, because it enables us to know that the man has gone there.

My Lords, I beg to move that the Commons Amendments be now considered. There are a substantial number of Amendments which have been made to this Bill in the Commons. On behalf of Her Majesty's Government, I am prepared to accept all the Amendments which were made. I do not know whether it would be in accordance with your Lordships' wishes that I should take them en bloc, giving to your Lordships the opportunity, of course, to raise any point in regard to any particular Amendment, or whether you would wish me to go through the Amendments one by one, putting the question upon each Amendment. I can tell your Lordships this: the Amendments make no substantial alteration to the principle of the Bill, and in many respects I think they improve it. In particular, they carry out some suggestions that I made when I was introducing this Bill to your Lordships, and in other respects I think they go some way to satisfy the demands that were made, both in this House and in the other place, to secure additional safeguards for the liberty of the subject. I do not know whether I might venture to ask the noble and learned Earl, Lord Jowitt, whether he would wish me to take one course or the other for the convenience of the House.

My Lords, so far as I am concerned, since I am asked, I feel that it would be better if the Lord Chancellor put the various clauses separately. I will say why I take that view. I think that some of these Amendments are exceedingly difficult to understand. So far as I am concerned, I have read and re-read them, and I do not know what they do at all. If I am in that position, it is possible that some other members of the House are in the same position. I feel that it would be useful to have some sort of explanation from the Lord Chancellor as we deal with the various clauses.

My Lords, I bee to move that this House do now consider the Commons Amendments to the Cinematograph Bill.

My Lords, this Bill was a Private Member's Bill, and as I took charge of it in your Lordships' House, it falls to me to move that the Amendments and a Reason be now considered.

My Lords, the particular clause in the Defamation Bill, as we returned it to the Commons, which is now objected to in another place is the clause which was originally contained in the Bill and was based on the Porter Report, to the effect that a newspaper which, without malice, published a fair and accurate report of the proceedings of a foreign Legislature should be entitled to the defence of qualified privilege. There were arguments in favour of, and some objections to, that course. When we returned the Bill to the Commons we reinserted this provision which was, as I have said, recommended by the Committee on defamation over which my noble and learned friend Lord Porter presided. In another place, objection was taken to this provision and it has been expunged. We are now to consider whether we shall accept that position and agree to it, thereby getting the Defamation Bill on to the Statute Book as a whole, or whether the controversy on this clause, which is not very important, should be persisted in. I am going to propose that we do not insist on the Amendment which this House inserted and with which the Commons have disagreed.

I must, in frankness, say that I regret the omission from the Statute of this clause, and I think other noble Lords regret it, too. When, on July 28, we inserted into the Bill a clause to the effect that a fair and accurate report of any proceedings in public of the Legislature of any foreign country or province or state of a foreign country should be protected by privilege. I was authorised by the noble and learned Earl, Lord Jowitt, to say that, though he had to be absent from the House, he entirely agreed with the Amendment. At the end of a short discussion the noble Lord, Lord Silkin, speaking from the Front Opposition Bench, said this (OFFICIAL REPORT, Vol.178, Col. 376):

"I think it is right that if this is going back it should go back with the agreement of the whole Committee. I should, therefore, like to express, certainly my own view and, I believe, the views of those with me, that this is not only an acceptable Amendment but a good one."

None the less, my Lords, I feel that at this period of the Session it would be a pity to instigate a controversy on what is a very minor point, and I therefore beg to move that your Lordships' House do not insist upon the Amendment which we made in the Bill and to which the Commons have disagreed.

My Lords, I rise with somewhat mixed feelings here, because I have never attempted to conceal the fact that I think this is a very disappointing Bill, and to my mind there would be some attraction in losing it, because, as things are, I know quite well what will happen. When there is passed a Bill dealing with the law of libel, it means that for the next thirty years or so everybody will be saying that the topic has been dealt with, and that it cannot be dealt with again. And as I think this is a disappointing Bill, I am a little sorry that it is going to appear on the Statute Book. On the other hand, it is a question of compromise, and perhaps it is better than nothing. Therefore, on the whole, I think I should be sorry to lose this Bill. However, I do not feel strongly about it.

On this Amendment, I may say that feel that this House was clearly right. It is, of course, a question of the balance of convenience. Long ago, we in this country established that the public convenience was best suited by there being complete freedom to report the proceedings of our own Parliament, even though proceedings in Parliament might involve a slur on some individual. I believe that enshrined in that principle is something which is of the utmost importance to democracy. Disputes about Hansard, and the rest of it, are all a matter of history. No one today doubts that the public advantage is best suited by allowing Parliamentary proceedings to be reported by the newspapers, even though that may involve some slur upon an individual. We are not going to be parochially minded here. We have got to consider what goes on abroad. The various nations of the world have become very close to each other, and I say, quite frankly, that the old principle which we have set, so far as our own Legislature is concerned, should be extended to the Legislatures of foreign countries. I think it should be permissible for the newspapers of this country to report, for instance, what goes on in Congress in the United States, or what goes on in the French Parliament. There may be a risk, as of course there may in our own Parliament, of some injustice to an individual, but to my mind it is an advantage for the public to know what is going on in foreign countries and to know what their Legislatures are talking about That far outweighs the possible risk, which I agree is there, of injustice to an individual.

Let me take this illustration. Suppose that Dr. Mossadeq and the Majlis should be discussing the efforts which Mr. Eden has recently been making to solve the Persian oil difficulty. I do not know what would be said there by Dr. Mossadeq, and I should not like to hazard a guess. But suppose that he said, as he might well say, that the offer was wholly improper and unreasonable, that Mr. Eden was not honest, or that he must have been in his cups when he made it, or that Mr. Eden was obviously anticipating a rake-off from somewhere, or that Dr. Mossadeq made any other equally ridiculous statement. What of it? Is it not much better that the people in this country should know the grounds which Dr. Mossadeq gave for refusing our offer, because, in the case I have given, everyone would know that the statement about Mr. Eden was so ridiculous that no one would take any notice of it. On balance, it seems to me desirable that we should be able to learn frankly about what goes on in the world we are living in, and that newspapers should be entitled to tell us, without fear of libel actions, what goes on in foreign Legislatures. That was the recommendation of the Porter Committee, and that recommendation we inserted in the Bill, following out the advice of the Porter Committee. And it is that recommendation that is now going. From what the noble and learned Viscount, Lord Simon, has said, I believe that in this matter, at any rate, I am being consistent—a virtue which I do not always demonstrate—because I am saying now what I said on the last occasion, through him. And I am still unrepentant. I still think that we were absolutely right, and I still think that what we did was much better than what the Commons have done.

Now I should like to ask the noble and learned Lord Chancellor this question—having myself had to pronounce on these matters for so many years, it is pleasant now to be able to turn to him and to get an authoritative pronouncement. Suppose that someone in the Parliament of a foreign country—the Congress of the United States or the Majlis of Persia, whatever you will—makes some statement which might be considered as strongly derogatory of somebody over here. If a newspaper reports, with complete accuracy and fairness, what has been said in that foreign Legislature, and if what has been said in that foreign Legislature does cast some slur upon someone in this country, would that someone be entitled to bring an action in our courts to recover damages? Or would the fact that it was a perfectly fair and accurate report of what was said in a foreign Legislature give the newspaper so reporting a defence? That is a problem which, as a mere Common Law lawyer, I have the greatest pleasure in handing over to my Chancery brother who can, in his position, authoritatively lay down the law and tell me what the position is. Whatever his answer may be, I feel, with the noble and learned Viscount, Lord Simon, that though I deeply regret this decision of the Commons, which I think is a bad one, I do not think we ought to oppose it, and that, after the Lord Chancellor has answered my question, we must accept it as gracefully as we can.

My Lords, I do not think this is really the occasion for me to answer such a question from my Common Law brother, but I shall answer it in this way: that it is a question of which I should require notice but that, in the meantime, I will take counsel of my learned brethren in the Common Law.

rose to call attention to the political and security situations in Kenya, with special reference to the reported activities of the Mau Mau society, and to the emergency legislation lately passed in the Colony; and to move for Papers. The noble Lord said: My Lords, I venture to bring before your Lordships this afternoon the situation in Kenya, which appears from the Press and radio reports to be one of gravity. We hear that over forty people have been murdered, including two white women and one or perhaps more settlers, and that two of the three Kikuyu chiefs have also been assassinated. A campaign of terror has been waged in which there have been brutal beatings of Africans, attempted murders, suicides, three attempts to burn churches or missions, over twenty cases of but burning, and killing and maiming of cattle. The object, we are told, is to drive the white people from Kenya and to attack the Christian religion. Africans have either voluntarily taken or in many cases been forced to take certain oaths. They have taken or have had to take an oath in these terms:

"If I am asked to bring the head of a European and I refuse, this oath will kill me.

If I am called at any time during the night and do not go, this oath will kill me.

If I reveal any secrets of Africans who are Mau Mau members, this oath will kill me.

If I am called during the night and I am naked I will go naked.

If I see anyone stealing European property I will not tell about it, instead I will assist him to hide it.

If the members agree to do anything, whether good or bad, and I refuse to obey, this oath will kill me.

I will always say that the land belongs to none but the Kikuyu."

My Lords, my intervention in this debate will be brief and, I hope, to the point. Of course, we are all united in our detestation of the savage crimes of the Mau Mau and of the organised brutality of that secret and subversive society. But other than to add that I hope that the Government in its action will be swift and unflinching, and unhesitating in its firm decision to restore law and order, I do not propose to say any more about the crimes. In that respect I echo the feelings of the noble Lord who moved this Motion. After all, murder should be no stepping stone to power or to further political responsibilities, and secret, subversive and criminal societies are no new thing in Africa. The country is fortunate in having a Governor who is fully capable of handling the situation. To save the noble Earl who is to reply to the debate, may I say in passing that in my personal experience there have been many occasions when a Colony has paid two Governors at the same time, if circumstances warranted that action. I am quite certain that no mere financial reason of that kind can have been at the back of any delay—if there was one—in the appointment being actively filled. It remains for us to give the present Governor our complete confidence and support and not to embarrass him in any way. Those of us who have been on the receiving end of a job of this kind know how inimical it is to the cause of law and order to have intervention—inevitably half-informed intervention—even of one's own friends.

I wish to say one or two words about the background of these disorders, and once more to enter a plea against excessive speed in forcing races, who only yesterday emerged from savagery, along the untried roads of Western democracy. I am not trying to use the present emergency as an excuse for denying progress to the Africans. I am saying, and saying it with due thought and consideration, that the present emergency underlines only too clearly the dangers of giving responsibility, or of encouraging the idea that responsibility can be given, long before the recipient is capable of using it or undertaking its duties. In short, I am trying, to underline the necessity in these matters for a little sociological common sense. There is, if I may be allowed to say so, no true analogy with Malaya, because in Malaya we are dealing with races with a far longer access to culture and civilization, and whose general position is not comparable with that of the Africans, as I shall hope shortly to point out to your Lordships with greater force.

Nature has herself set a speed limit on the pace at which the adolescent races can absorb the complete change in outlook, habits and social structure involved in integrating races, which really belong to the time B.C., in the political and economic life evolved by 2,000 years of Western progress. After all, you cannot swallow 2,000 years of progress in the course of a generation or so without suffering from severe indigestion. I say once again that the true friends of Africa are in Africa—they are not in this country. Race relations cannot be decreed by doctrinaires from office chairs or armchairs in this country. I suggest that they have to be evolved in the day-to-day contact of living together in the country of their domicile, whatever may be their colour or race. In my opinion and experience, that is the only way to produce amicable relations between races: by their living together and finding out on the spot a way of evolving amicable compromises for the difficulties that arise.

I take it that all your Lordships have read the recent articles in The Times and elsewhere by Sir Philip Mitchell. He draws, with inimitable skill and unrivalled knowledge and, indeed, with deep sympathy, the complex problems which have arisen to haunt the Administration of Kenya—problems inevitably aggravated by the very success of European enterprise and skill in agriculture, commerce and industry and, may I add, unnecessarily complicated by the irresponsibility of high thinking and loose talking in this country. It was, I think, Elspeth Huxley who said very wisely that Time takes his revenge for all the councils to which he is not called. If you reflect how far we have brought these Africans—the Kikuyu of whom we are talking—in a bare fifty years, and their immensely improved lot today you get a better perspective of present discontents. But let us be reasonable. There are discontents and maladjustments in every land on earth, and nowhere is a more honest effort being made to deal with them than in Kenya—the agrarian problem, the urban housing problem, the social problems arising from the weakening of old tribal restrictions, the need for soil conservation and skilled husbandry and so on. The basic fact of the situation to-day is not that the African has been held back by racial discrimination but that he has travelled too far too quickly; and gross misrepresentation of the facts by men like Mr. Fenner Brockway cannot conceal the dependence of the African, not only for the preservation of his present standards but also for the hope of better ones, upon an expansion of European guidance and enterprise and, may I say, control.

The key to a high wage economy, of the necessity for which we read so much, in Africa as elsewhere, is hard, efficient and skilled work; and no starry-eyed theorists can evade this necessity. The African in Kenya, may I say too, sets a higher value on leisure than is customary with Western races. We are told that in our economy to-day there is no room for the idle rich. I should be inclined to agree with that statement and to say, with equal emphasis, that there is no room for the idle poor. Nowadays (and this is a lesson that, especially in Africa, we have to teach) a higher standard of living, and everything they want, can come only from skilled and harder work. The Kikuyu African is unused to a money economy. Indeed, as the noble Lord, Lord Ogmore, has said, he needs industrial opportunities to earn a living otherwise than by peasant cultivation, with all the consequent changes in social structure that this involves. But in the main event the destiny of man in East Africa will depend on his treatment of the land, land development, utilisation and conservation, with all the skill and capital investment that such a programme involves. I remember the words of a Nigerian chieftain who said, "I conceive the land as belonging to a vast family, of whom many are dead, few are alive, and countless numbers are still unborn." That Nigerian chieftain had, I think, the whole root of the matter in that simple sentence. That is the altitude which we have to inculcate in Africa: that the resources of the country are not there to be wasted and abused, as the land throughout Africa has been, by the African, but that they are there as a trust, to be utilised by human ability and handed on to their successors. That is the lesson which, by example and precept, the European has been teaching in Kenya. But there is a long way yet to go.

I think that insufficient credit has been taken for our achievements in Kenya. Perhaps I may be allowed again to quote Sir Philip Mitchell. He emphasised this aspect in a speech some six years ago. He pointed out that fifty years ago, when we arrived, there was not a road, nor a railway, nor a wheel; not a school, nor even an alphabet; no equipment save hoes, knives and axes: not a hospital nor a shop nor a business; no peace, nor any means or desire to enforce peace. Since then, as he says, we have been doing our best to emancipate them from insecurity, superstition, ignorance and ill-health, and to bring peace and safety to their land. The progress has been amazing, but the work is still less than half done. Are we then to abandon it, and to let it all sink back into jungle at the bidding of impatient idealists who talk blandly and blindly of self-government and do infinite damage to the cause they profess to uphold? There is surely no merit in ignoring the inescapable facts of the present situation. The European settlers who have made Kenya their home are the main authors and architects of its present successful economy. They come of a race with a long tradition of responsible self-government and a great national talent for its exercise. I suggest that they should be given more power to exercise it, not less. It is vitally to their interest to help the Africans on their road to an effective share in civilised government.

The only hope, as I see it, for a peaceful future in that country lies in what is called qualitative democracy, not in quantitative democracy—the principle of Cecil Rhodes: equal rights for all civilised men; in other words, the aim of Sir Godfrey Huggins in Central Africa, which is the slow evolution of a multiracial society in which there will be parties no doubt differing from each other, but divided from each other by considerations of policy and not of colour. One cannot but deplore the attitude of certain sections of the Press of this country: on the one hand, an almost hysterical exaggeration of present troubles and, on the other, an affectation of disbelief in the very existence of the Mau Mau at all. Strange though it may seem, for calm and unruffled wisdom one has to leave this country and go to Kenya. The Kenya Government has a difficult, but not an impossible task, unless it is made so by interference from this country.

I should like, in concluding, to refer to the sort of interference that I mean. I read in the Press that two gentlemen who are members of the executive committee of a non-Party organisation, which calls itself the Union of Democratic Control, are proceeding to Kenya on the invitation of the Kenya African Union for a visit lasting from October 28 to November 9. Their published statement reads as follows—I should like to read it because it is so emblematic of the folly of the attitude of certain people. These are the words:

"The visit has three purposes. First, we desire to learn the facts of the present situation in Kenya and what steps can be taken to remove the causes of unrest; secondly, we desire to strengthen the hands of the great main body of African opinion, which is strongly opposed to violence and is eager to advance, along constructive educational, social, and political lines, to racial equality: and thirdly, we desire to meet people of good will, of all races, who believe that the only effective solution rests in a common understanding, a sincere effort at the fullest measure of racial co-operation and a progressive approach to full democracy."

These gentlemen go on to say that they hope while in Kenya

"to see the Governor and Ministers, members of the four races in the Legislative Council, representatives of the leading organisations, including the Churches, and to visit districts in Kenya which reflect the economic, social and political problems as related to the present unrest."

Not a bad programme for twelve days' work! I feel it difficult to take it seriously, especially as I see that they are to take in Uganda for three days on their way back.

But one has to be serious about these apparently foolish things. All these incantations about "a progressive approach to full democracy" have no helpful meaning at all in this background. They are just the mumbo-jumbo of the interfering doctrinaire. Let us grant that they may mean well, but the probable results of such unqualified intervention are hound to be pernicious. It may be that they have been led astray by the recent history of West Africa but, as we have repeatedly said in this House, there is no analogy whatever between the circumstances of West Africa and those of East Africa. It is quite impossible to apply anything that is happening on the outside to East Africa.

We are also, I think, entitled to remember that the political representatives of the Africans, the unofficial African Members of Council, failed in their hour of trial recently. It is no good the noble Earl, if I may be allowed to say so, suggesting that the European Members of Council meet these gentlemen at a round table and hammer out some suitable solution of the difficulties, when these are the very men who have shown that they cannot face the responsibilities of the position which they occupy. They refused to be associated with any responsibility for the, powers taken by Government to legalise resolute action in this emergency—and that despite the fact that the chief sufferers from the Mau Mau activities were people of their own race. I do not want to condemn them too harshly or too hastily, but I do suggest that it is necessary for African leaders to realise that, if they claim a position of leadership and responsibility, they must be capable of shouldering responsibility and showing leadership before they can claim any advance of that kind. I am confident that the Kenya Government will use their powers wisely. I have no fears for them. But I am apprehensive lest people in this country should be misled into leaving their work—"our work," may I say?—half done and a very solemn trust unfulfilled. That indeed would be a tragedy and a betrayal—the tragedy of a people that decided to drown in words what it had achieved by deeds, and lost its faith in the moment of its greatest challenge.

My Lords, I am sure your Lordships will agree that the Kenya Government are acting wisely and in a far-sighted fashion in not waiting until law and order have been fully restored before putting in hand measures of social improvement. The new Governor's announcement, which we read in the Press this morning, about immediate steps to improve housing and social services, and to help the African farmers, indicates that the policy of the Kenya Government is to remedy grievances as well as to put an end to violence. I think, judging from what we have already heard this afternoon, that it is the view of your Lordships that these two policies—social reform and redressing grievances, and the restoration of law and order with all the firmness required for that purpose—should march hand in hand. Of course, any opinion we may express about the present situation must be qualified by a very limited knowledge of the facts, and any remarks we may make will, as the noble Lord, Lord Milverton, said in the earlier part of his speech, be intended to be helpful and not to make the present situation more difficult or add to the really tremendous strain under which people in Kenya must now be living.

I should like to make one comment, following in the footsteps of my noble friend Lord Ogmore. It does appear to us and to a good many other outside observers that this reversion to a primitive form of nationalism and tribal superstition and violence among the Kikuyus might possibly be checked by rallying the reasonable elements in the tribe and trying to restrain the fanatics. It is clear that the only people who would have a chance of doing this with success are their fellow Africans.

I am reinforced in this view by the Nairobi correspondent of The Times. I dare say your Lordships read the report in The Times newspaper this morning. In the course of that report, if I may quote his words as coming from some body on the spot, he says:

"One of the most urgent needs here is undoubtedly the formation of a responsible African body to whom sensible Africans can look for leadership."

There is now apparently a committee of the Kenya African Union composed of these moderate men, which might serve this purpose. It was reported earlier, I think sonic time last week, that the African members of the Legislative Council have offered to visit the disturbed areas in the Kikuyu reserve. They have already appealed to Africans to give up violence and to refrain from reprisals. I do not see the weight of the complaint of the noble Lord, Lord Milverton, against the African members of the Kenya Legislative Council. Quite clearly, their position in relation to their own people must be very delicate, and I hope that that factor will be taken into consideration. It is difficult to see how much further they could go than to declare publicly that they are against these Mau Mau acts of barbarism, and to ask the members of the Kikuyu tribe to co-operate with the forces of law and order and to help to restrain the more fanatical of their members. But it is surely worth an effort to re-establish this moderate African leadership. One cannot, of course, guarantee that their intervention would succeed, but it surely would be worth trying. I cannot help thinking that their efforts will be facilitated by the social improvements which the Government, of which, of course, several of these gentlemen are members, have decided to put in hand.

I think it would be generally agreed that this is an occasion when we should consider the long view of policy. We must try to ascertain the root causes of this African discontent; and having done so, to decide what action should be taken to remove the hatred and distrust which have provoked these outbreaks of violence against the European community. Hence the very great importance of the Royal Commission which I understand is shortly to be appointed, to inquire into land use and other economic problems. I hope, as does my noble friend Lord Ogmore, that there will be no unnecessary delay in appointing the Commission. I hope it may be able to start its work before January, although that is the date we have been given at the moment. I hope also that it will be able to complete its work with the least possible delay, because every day that is wasted aggravates the evil which the Commission will examine and set out to remedy. I, too, should like to express the hope, as the members of the Commission have not yet been appointed, that the personnel will not be entirely British, but that if possible a person of other than British origin with suitable qualifications may be included.

For my part—this is of course a personal opinion—I cannot help regretting that the terms of reference of the Commission will be limited to matters connected with the standard of living and conditions of employment in East Africa. This limitation will prevent the Commission from considering many burning issues which are causing friction and discontent, and which must be settled in the long run if Kenya is to progress on a basis of racial co-operation. I hope your Lordships will allow me to give one or two examples of what I mean. So far as I understand—if my information is incorrect I hope the noble Earl will put me right—the Commission will not be able to deal with the question of land use in the so-called White Highlands. This Crown Land is leased exclusively to Europeans, but I am informed that some of it is either unoccupied or not properly cultivated and developed by existing tenants. If this is the case, it would surely be right to turn out the bad farmers, as we do in this country. Any land available for development, either because it is not occupied or because it is badly farmed, might be offered to African farmers. A gesture of this kind would surely show everyone that white farmers do not desire to monopolise this area of extremely fertile land. It would have an excellent psychological effect—I am not, of course, under-estimating the economical effect—by lessening the sense of injustice about land use which embitters many Africans.

May I at this point ask the noble Earl a question about the squatters, who I believe have occupied pieces of land in the White Highlands? Has it been considered whether any of them might be offered a legal title to any portion of land in that part of Kenya? If not, what is the policy in relation to these people, who at the moment have no legal title to the land they occupy? Another matter which I feel would be outside the Commission's competence is education. The Africans regard education as the key to equality of opportunity. They feel that too little money is being spent on African education, and that consequently they are denied the chance of acquiring the qualifications needed for skilled employment and for entering into the professions and the Government service. The fact that this grievance exists, whether or not it can be justified, is surely a sufficient reason for inquiry into the whole problem of the provision of educational facilities for the African population.

Your Lordships may have observed in yesterday's Times an article by the well-known authority on Africa, Miss Margery Perham, in the course of which she pointed out that the problem we are facing in British Africa is primarily one of political psychology rather than of material need. I share that view, in all humility, because I do not believe that the problem we want to solve can be solved entirely by improving social conditions. Of course, that is clearly part of the problem, and a solution must be found for this problem of raising opportunity and improving social conditions. As Miss Perham pointed out, in India and many Asian countries the standard of living is much lower than it is in Kenya, and yet these wretched conditions of life are not accompanied by outbreaks of violence. What has happened is that, for better or worse, we have indoctrinated British Africa with our own ideas of political and social equality. This striving for equality is at the root of African nationalism. Africans will distrust Europeans so long as they believe that their rule means permanent inferiority of status. They are rejecting partnership—the word "partnership" has a rather unfortunate association in many parts of Africa—because we have failed to convince them that they will not always be a subordinate partner.

How are we going to persuade them of our good faith (because that is the important thing) that we really intend that the present unequal partnership—which is inevitable when two races mix, one having reached such different levels of social and cultural development—will eventually become an equal partnership? In my view, we can prove this only by deeds, not by words. It is no good talking of partnership unless we are prepared to practise it. There must be a gradual lifting of the many varieties of racial discrimination. It is the humiliation and resentment caused by colour bars, whether they are social, administrative or in the law itself, which produce the dangerous and exclusive type of African nationalism which we must guard against in time to come. If the spirit of nationalism in Africa is to grow along healthy lines of racial co-operation, as we all desire, it must be recognised by the other communities as a force to be encouraged rather than checked. Discriminative practices seriously wound national pride, and they should be terminated at the earliest possible opportunity. Political activity should be directed into instructive and constitutional, channels. An adequate and a growing place should be found in Legislative and Executive Councils for members of the African community. Indeed, this is being done. But it is noticeable that the representation of Africans in the Kenya Legislature is smaller in relation to the African population than in the neighbouring territory of Uganda. This matter will no doubt be considered by the committee of its own members, under an outside chairman, which the Kenya Legislature decided to appoint within, I think, a year from last March. I hope that agreement between tile communities to appoint this committee will not be delayed by the present disturbances.

What I should like to emphasise, in relation both to this racial discrimination and to constitutional advance in East Africa, is that these are ideological issues and in the long run issues of no less importance to tranquillity and racial co-operation than the material issues with which the Royal Commission will deal when it is appointed. The suggestion I wish to make, and which I hope the Government will consider, is this. I believe that what we really need is a Royal Commission with the wide terms of reference of the Royal Commission of 1938, which was sent out, as the noble Earl will remember, to the West Indies—the Moyne Commission, as it was called, after its Chairman, the noble Lord, Lord Moyne. Your Lordships will recall that the Commissioners on that occasion were authorised to take evidence about any matter connected with social and economic conditions in the whole of the British Caribbean. A Royal Commission with this scope of inquiry would be able to cover everything it might consider relevant to the economic and social progress of our East African territories, and to the furtherance of racial co-operation in that great area. It would no doubt include among its subjects of inquiry the problems of education, land use, racial discrimination and constitutional development to which I have already alluded.

I hope the Government will consider this proposal from a wider standpoint than that of Kenya alone. We have to remember that this outbreak of racial violence in Kenya is the most serious outbreak of this kind in any British territory since the war. The future of race relations in East Africa is not a matter that will affect only the local communities and their relationship with the United Kingdom; it is a matter of profound concern to the whole British Commonwealth, and to the outside world. One day these African territories will reach the stage of self-government. The choice, whether or not to sever the Commonwealth connection, will rest with an African majority. Among our greatest sources of strength and usefulness is the fact that we are a multi-racial Commonwealth, and it would be a disaster if the Commonwealth were to begin to break up and disintegrate on racial lines.

To the outside world, race relations are causing increasing anxiety. One has only to look at the General Assembly of the United Nations which is now in session for proof of that. I do not share the view expressed by some members of the United Nations that there is an immediate threat to peace from this quarter, but I think your Lordships will agree that in the long run there is a very real danger of war if race relations, generally, continue to deteriorate. It is surely our duty to the Commonwealth, and to the rest of the world, to do everything in our power, before it is too late, to promote friendly co-operation between the races and communities in East Africa, and I hope that the noble Earl will ask his colleague, the right honourable gentleman the Secretary of State for the Colonies, when he returns from East Africa, to give serious consideration to the possibility of an inquiry that will cover all sources of friction and discontent in East Africa and which will make recommendations which, whether they are followed or not, will, at any rate, be the recommendations of an impartial body which will have done its best in the interests of racial harmony.

My Lords, I shall detain you for only a very short time. I think each one of us, in any part of the House, believes it to have been absolutely right for the Colonial Secretary to have flown out to Kenya, at this juncture, to confer with Sir Evelyn Baring. These two men bear primary responsibility for the solving of those pressing problems. But in the last instance, responsibility for the good guidance, and governance, of the people of Kenya rests on the people of Britain, through the British Parliament. The noble Lord, Lord Ogmore, professed himself to be somewhat mystified by various communiqués emanating from the Kenya Government. If he is mystified, how much more mystified must many of the people of Britain be, in endeavouring to see the dimensions of this problem, in view of the vast number of conflicting stories which they have heard! Taking the words of some publicists, the Communists have endeavoured to make out that there is no such thing as Mau Mau, in spite of the fact that the blood of no fewer than forty-six East Africans of different races has been spilled in the last two months. They say, rather quaintly: "It cannot be so, because there is no such word as Mau Mau in the Kikuyu language." There are some extremely powerful and well-known bodies in this country, and outside it, whose names are not to he found in the Oxford dictionary. One is N.A.T.O., a second Toc H and a third, perhaps, the T.U.C.

Then there are what I may call the slightly lesser extremists who have written of the "hysteria" of the settlers in queueing up to buy firearms to protect themselves and their wives and children. In fact these same settlers have behaved with most commendable coolness. There is in the minds of many a curious distrust of what the Briton overseas may be doing. It is a compound of the reading of inaccurate history and the curse of over-simplification of what we would all agree to be a most difficult and complicated problem. I think it is very widely believed in this country that the land which is farmed in the White Highlands was actually wrested from the tribesmen of the Kikuyu. I think it is also believed, though probably by fewer, that opportunity for advancement of all kinds, social and political and such, has been purposely blocked since the war. On this assumption, some people in this country are being tempted to argue that Mau Mau is a natural outcome and one to which a moderate man might subscribe.

The facts are known to all of us here. The land of the White Highlands was completely empty when the white settlers were granted it, with the solitary exception of small pieces of marginal land near Nairobi. The advancement of Kenya since the war, and before it, has gone on steadily. To say that it has not does far less than justice to a very great Colonial Governor, Sir Philip Mitchell, to four hard working and distinguished Colonial Secretaries whom he served, to the multi-racial Legislature, and to a devoted and highly efficient band of Colonial civil servants. To blame the Government of Kenya for not being superhuman may be a possible thing to do, but it is no more sensible than it would be to blame the medical profession because they have not yet succeeded in curing cancer or even rheumatism.

Mau Mau is one of the diseases of Africa. It is a secret society which lifts the curtain on the old dark clays before the white man came. As I say, it is a disease. Some of the societies, like the Hyena Society, the Baboon Society and, last of all, the most widespread and sinister, the Leopard Society, have been going on, if not for hundreds of years, at any rate for generations. Societies that have sprung up in recent years have in nearly every case come from relapsed Christians. Often they have been based on a misreading or re-writing of the Scriptures, hut, whatever their origin, their observance has taken the form of blasphemous parodies of the Christian ritual, as indeed does the Black Mass itself. No amount of reforms, no amount of concession, will ever affect the man who voluntarily joins such a society as this, in the same way that no offer of a high standard of living, however high, will ever change the mind of the really convinced intellectual Communist. The revulsion of the ordinary decent African tribesman against Mau Mau, and all secret societies like it, is just as great as that of any member of your Lordships' House, as noble Lords who have spoken to-day have already said. So the first objective must be to restore the rule of law, one of the greatest gifts we ever brought to the African Continent. We must make it clear that we will take every step to restore it and, having restored it, to maintain it. Though I am entirely in sympathy with what Lord Ogmore has said about strengthening the hands of the moderates in every respect, yet we should make the gravest error if we were to make any apparent concession which could be construed as reacting to the terrorism of Mau Mau. If you appear to react to the threat of arson, mutilation and murder, you strike at the very basis of the rule of law. There always have been murderers and there always will be murderers, but let it never be said that we tried to traffic with them.

The second objective is the steady advancement of Kenya, which inevitably will be somewhat slowed up by the present problem. I think we all read with great interest Sir Evelyn Baring's speech to the Legislative Council. I think there were some who believed—for it was the first time such a speech had been fully reported in The Times—that this was the first Governor's speech that ever carried a really strong content of social and economic reform. Actually that process has been perfectly steady and continuous, but there is a very long road to go. It will do no harm for the world to know that the Colonial Service is an instrument of perpetual change and not one of obstruction; that the people who live in Kenya, surprisingly enough, know a little bit about Kenya and that it is not the sole preserve of wandering publicists.

There are two mighty problems to solve. Other speakers have referred to them. One is concerned with the land and the other with the city. In the British Colonial Empire there are many places, such as Malta, Mauritius, Barbados, and the Ibo district of Nigeria, where the pressure of population on the land is so great that the whole question of supporting life is becoming more and more difficult. In the African territories the population is advancing far ahead of production, at a speed which means that in most territories it will have doubled itself in thirty years' time; and it is far from clear where double the food is coming from. The noble Earl, Lord Listowel, was concerned because the Royal Commission are to confine themselves to the use of land. If they consider the other subjects he suggests, the Report will take so long to write that much of it will be irrelevant when produced.

My Lords, I am sure the noble Lord does not wish to misrepresent me. I was not suggesting that the terms of reference of the Royal Commission which is about to be appointed should be changed or that the Commission should cover the ground I have mentioned. What I was suggesting was that another Royal Commission should be appointed to discuss the wider issues which this Royal Commission would not be authorised to touch upon.

I am obliged to the noble Earl for his explanation; I entirely misunderstood him. I thought he suggested that these further spheres should be added to the already enormous subject of land utilisation. It seems fantastic, in a country as vast as Africa, that there should be a shortage of land. I remember a most interesting speech made by the noble Lord, Lord Ogmore, about two years ago, in which he described how many visitors, seeing a vast African plain dotted with thorn bushes, would suggest that the bushes should be cut down and the ground planted—only to find that in no circumstances would anything but thorn bushes grow. If science is able to neutralise the tsetse fly and make available the sterile land which is so much of East Africa, more of the land will become usable; but that is only part of the answer. We have to accustom ourselves to making much better use of the land we have. I was in Kiambu about two years ago, and went round with the District Commissioner, and I say without the slightest disrespect to the Kikuyu people, who at that time were loudly asking that more land be made available to them, that because of the way they are handling their land they are producing from it only about one-tenth of what their land could produce if properly put down to agriculture. That is one of the great problems.

The second is urbanisation. The economy of Kenya, as of so many of our Colonies, has been tied to the products of the soil. Not only does that leave it wide open to the buffets of boom and slump, but to the fearful catastrophes of nature, such as locusts and drought. I think that everybody agrees that the only wise step for broadening the basis of the economy of this Colony is to attract to it as many secondary industries as possible. In Nairobi, which has an extremely interesting industrial area growing up on its edge, and it is growing apace, this development is bringing with it its own kind of industrial revolution. It is beginning to have what there has never been in those latitudes of Africa before—an urban proletariat, about which the noble Lord, Lord Ogmore, has already spoken. When the Africans no to the cities, they may do so in such numbers that the new urban population will far outstrip any possibility of keeping pace with them in the building of houses. They lose their own tribal loyalties and there they end, with a vacuum of loyalty which evil men will do their best to fill. I shall weary your Lordships no more, but before I sit down I should like to say this. It is my firm conviction that no one race alone can hope to see Kenya through her problems. It will be done only by the good will of moderate men of all races. On that we must rely, and for that we must hope.

My Lords, one part of the speech of the noble Lord, Lord Tweedsmuir, is very familiar. No doubt it was expressed in this Chamber at the first signs of the revolt of the British Colonies in North America; and we have had it again and again—on India, Ireland, Egypt, and every other Colony where we have had this sort of trouble. It is always: "We must not give way to violence." The result is that we have been too late in our measures of reform, and we have paid the penalty. The sentiments of the noble Lord are unimpeachable, familiar and fatal. I have in my hand the Hansard of the Kenya Legislative Council for the proceedings of September 25 and 26. To read the English newspapers one would suppose that the whole of Kenya is up in flames, that there has been a complete breakdown of order and that the country is in chaos. But listen to the words of the Member for Law and Order himself, who was over here himself and had just returned to Nairobi.

What is the name?

Mr. Davis. He said:

"To read some reports in the Press, particularly in the overseas Press, as I did in London last week"—

that was when the Member for Law and Order was over here—

"one might easily gain the erroneous impression that there was a widespread disregard of law and order throughout the Colony. That is not so. It would be equally misleading to believe the reports which suggest that there is no subversive activity or intimidation in the Colony at the present time. The truth, as is so often the case, lies between the two extremes. There is a degree of unrest and tension in certain parts of the Colony, but not to such an extent as to justify panic."

That was the Member for Law and Order, speaking only a few weeks ago.

I am sorry to interrupt, but when the noble Lord was asked for the name he said Mr. Davis. Mr. Davis is the Member for African Affairs, not the Member for Law and Order.

I should now like to quote from the remarks of Mr. Awori, one of the unofficial African Members of the Legislature, speaking in the Council the next day, in which he quotes a statement of the Commissioner of Police. This is what the Commissioner of Police is reported to have said, without any contradiction:

"There is always a certain amount of secret society activity in this part of Africa. We have a special branch to keep watch for it, but the Mau Mau is not the great threat so many people make it out to be. We believe the robberies and assaults which take place are the work of ordinary criminal gangs which have no connection whatever with any secret society."

The conclusion which I reach—and I hope your Lordships will agree with me—is that there has been a great deal of sensationalism and exaggeration about the unrest and violence, and that it has been made the excuse for these repressive measures by a certain section among the white settlers who want at all costs to prevent any kind of constitutional advance in that Colony. That is the danger, as I see it, and it is a terrible danger indeed. If we attempt indefinitely to sit on this safety valve, and always say that we cannot pander to crime and murder, as we have said again and again in similar cases, then we shall have the most serious trouble there, and I tremble for the consequences.

I should like to break off for one moment to make a comment on what was said by my noble friend Lord Ogmore, in a speech which I am sure delighted all your Lordships, and certainly delighted me, and by the noble Lord, Lord Tweedsmuir, about the tsetse fly. I have been hearing for some years of a means of preventing the ravages of the tsetse fly. What progress are we making? How much money is being spent on research? Is there a joint effort with the other parts of Africa affected, under different sovereignty, for a combined attack on this terrible pest? I would hazard a guess that if about one-tenth of the money and energy we have spent on developing nuclear fission in order to produce the atomic bomb had been devoted to dealing with, and finding a method of preventing, this loss from the tsetse fly, the problem would have been solved.

That is only one example of what I fear has been a great lack of imagination, leadership and progress on the part of the Colonial Office for generations. We have been most unfortunate—I say this with great respect to the present incumbent—in not finding great men to be Colonial Ministers. The Colonial Minister of the greatest Colonial Empire of the world should be a very great man. I can think of Joseph Chamberlain; I can think of the Ninth Duke of Devonshire—these were great Colonial Ministers—and I can think of my right honourable friend Mr. James Griffiths, who I believe would have done great things if he had been longer in that office. But apart from those, I have missed the great constructive work that one saw, for example, at the beginning of this century in North Africa under the leadership of such a person as Marshall Lyautey. I have missed (and I am sure your Lordships have noted it also) the presence of great constructive minds and great leadership at the Colonial Office in the political incumbents of the past. Needless to say, I have the greatest confidence in the noble Earl who is to reply to this debate—he might be the fourth if he were the Minister. But there has not been the energy, drive and imagination in the Colonial Office that the situation has required.

Let us make no mistake about it: this matter in Kenya is only one of many examples of a trouble that is already afflicting great parts of the world; and there will be more of it. It was referred to by the noble Lord, Lord Milverton, and I am sure he realises the causes of it as well as any of us. Over most of Africa, in Asia Minor, and in large parts of the Continent of Asia itself, you have this revolt against poverty and racial discrimination, and particularly against the latter. In the more advanced communities it takes a different form. It has been one of our troubles in Persia; it has been one of our troubles in the East—although I believe we have avoided it by timely action in West Africa, despite the obvious differences between East and West Africa. The French are having this trouble in their well-managed colonies in North Africa; the Dutch have had it in the East Indies. It is the revolt of the Asiatic, the African, the Arab and the Indian against white European domination. In some cases it is unreasonable. In some cases it takes the form of blind xenophobia. In other cases it is more responsible: the people, or their leaders understand that the process must be gradual, and that the European can offer great help and guidance in this period of development and transition. What we must guard against is alienating those more moderate elements, wherever they are to be found, who can co-operate with us, with whom we should sympathise and whom we should assist, and who can assist us.

That brings me to the arrest of the leader of the Kenya African Union, Mr. Kinyatta, who I am informed by those who know him and know his work (I have not had the pleasure of meeting him, and I can only believe what I am told) has had no connection whatever with the Mau Mau outrages and is, in fact, one of those far-sighted Africans who could be a great leader. He is at present under arrest without charge, and he should be brought to trial. That is a demand which my colleagues in another place, and I believe my colleagues in your Lordships' House, support as a minimum.

This problem of resistance to racial discrimination, as I say, takes different forms, but it is very widespread, and I venture to prophesy that by the end of this century every vestige of white racial discrimination will have disappeared from all these countries. How are we to help forward this double movement for racial equality and for the alleviation of extreme poverty, without disorder, breakdown and disaster? That I suggest is the great problem which faces all Parties in this country and in all the Colony-owning nations. It will require the wisest statesmanship, wide vision, tremendous patience, and care, and, above all, courage. The mistakes made are not peculiar to this country—I admit that—or to any Party. Here in Kenya we have this immediate manifestation of the apparent increase of lawlessness which we all agree must be dealt with at once. But if this is made an opportunity, and not an excuse for retarding progress and constitutional development; if this is made an opportunity to find out the real grievances which must exist amongst Africans in Kenya, and to seek to remedy them, there may be a happy outcome from this very unfortunate situation.

My Lords, I, for one, welcome the Motion of the noble Lord, Lord Ogmore, at this time, even if it is not possible for Her Majesty's Government's representatives to answer the many points which have been raised in the debate in your Lordships' House. I welcome it, nevertheless, because it may serve to ask and get answers to certain questions, and help the Secretary of State to elucidate in Kenya itself some of the points which certainly puzzle me and. I think, puzzle many of your Lordships, about the outbreak there—a problem to which no adequate answer has yet been given for the very probable reason that no adequate answers exist here in London to-day.

The Motion of the noble Lord, Lord Ogmore—and I propose, as strictly as possible, to confine myself to that Motion—is:

"To call attention to the political and security situations in Kenya with special reference to the reported activities of the Mau Mau Society and to the emergency legislation.…"

The first question which I should like the noble Earl to answer, if he can, is one designed to put this outbreak in its proper perspective. The Press and the representatives of public opinion, both in Kenya and in this country, have painted the picture either as one of a reign of terror throughout the country or as a sporadic outbreak of gangsterism of no particular political significance. As other speakers have said, the truth probably lies between the two. But in order to elucidate that point, there are certain questions which I, for one, consider pertinent and should like to ask.

We have been led to believe that the Mau Mau is a secret society among the Kikuyu. It is perfectly obvious that there are a large number of Kikuyu who are completely opposed to Mau Mau and anything to do with it, and the proof of that resides in the murder of two of the principal chiefs. When the noble Earl, Lord Listowel, spoke about the desirability of collecting African moderate opinion together in order to withstand and oppose the Mau Mau movement, he was, of course, perfectly right. But it is also clear from what has happened that the Mau Mau, or the instigators and leaders of this secret society, regard that moderate element among their own people as possibly their own principal enemy, and that is why they have concentrated on two of the three principal chiefs and have murdered them. I should like to know whether this secret society is, so far as Her Majesty's Government know, limited to the Kikuyu people only, or whether there is any evidence of its having spread to any of the many other racial groups in Kenya and beyond the borders of Kenya. That is very important. If it is limited to the Kikuyu and, as we know, obviously limited to only a small part of them, the organisation can surely be dealt with by police measures and ought to be dealt with—pace other speakers—by police measures as being a manifestation of a small group of people who are terrorists and gangsters and who do not, therefore, represent the large body even of Kikuyu opinion, with whatever grievances, real or exaggerated, they may have.

The second point, and very much allied with it, is the question which, frankly, puzzles me very much. As the noble Lord, Lord Tweedsmuir, has said, secret societies are endemic in Africa, and have been endemic in all African peoples, so far as we know, from the beginning of European contact with them. They are, perhaps, as the noble Lord, Lord Milverton, I am sure will confirm, more particularly powerful and widespread in West Africa, and though they have existed and do exist in other parts of Africa, they have never assumed either the political, social or economic prominence which they have in West Africa. Is there any evidence either way to show whether Mau Mau is a spontaneous local manifestation in the form of a secret society, or whether it has any affiliations with secret societies in other parts of Africa or among other racial groups in Africa? I repeat that if it is limited to the Kikuyu, or to only part of the Kikuyu, obviously police measures—emergency police measures, if necessary—are the appropriate remedy.

In that same context of ideas I should like to ask for elucidation of another point which has certainly puzzled me very much. So far as one can gather, both from correspondence from Kenya and from the Press, this outbreak of terrorism and gangsterism of Mau Mau appears to be rather sudden. What police evidence is there of this society before, say, the beginning of this year? Was it known? What were the police reports—if the noble Earl is in a position to disclose them—which were made to the late Governor, Sir Philip Mitchell, before he left, and to the Acting Governor in the interregnum between the two Governors? Was the police force adequately equipped—and I will come to what I mean in a moment—to find out what was going on? By "adequately equipped," I mean, was the police force up to strength? Was there sufficient police personnel, African and European, to deal with ordinary, everyday affairs in Kenya, including an outbreak or a recrudescence of gangsterism, and was the machinery available to the police adequate and sufficient to obtain information? In particular, were the funds which were available to the police department adequate to do its work, or is there any evidence that the police department was starved of funds?

At this point, I must interject that I have a personal experience and knowledge of the fact that, over the last few years, the Kenya Legislature has been inclined to be parsimonious in expenditure in many directions, notably in the payment of salaries to people who were wanted and who were unwilling to serve there at the rates of remuneration which were offered by the Legislature. The same point arises, but indirectly, over a question which was, I think, referred to in the first place by the noble Lord, Lord Ogmore, and by other speakers—whether the delay in the arrival of the second Governor, Sir Evelyn Baring, was in any way connected with the difficulty of salaries. I am sure it was not, but we should all like to be reassured that that was the case.

The main point about which we have to clear our minds concerning Mau Mau is—what is it? Is it a new thing? Is it a sudden thing? And why have we not had, or why have the Governments of Kenya and this country not had, adequate warning of what appears to be a sudden flowering of a terrorist organisation? Incidentally, if the noble Lord is in a position to reply to this point, it would naturally be of great interest to your Lordships and to the general public to know whether any of the old subversive organisations with which many of your Lordships were extremely familiar in the past, such as the Watch Tower Organisation, can be traced at ad in this present manifestation. That the police force can cope with gangsterism and terrorism on a small scale I have no doubt whatsoever. The police force in Kenya certainly enjoyed in the past a first-class reputation, and to-day it is under the command of one of the best police officers in the Commonwealth. I happen to know him personally, and I know that his wide experience, not only in Africa but in many other parts of the world, well qualifies him for the appointment which he now enjoys. I am sure that he and his officers will succeed if they are given the equipment and material with which to make success possible.

That brings me to a second group of points. I should like to ask whether the Governor and the Government of Kenya are to-day endowed with adequate powers to stop the growth of this filthy disease which has infected part of the Kikuyu people. Have the Government there any particular powers to remove from Kenya temporary visitors from all parts of the world who are calculated to produce in Kenya subversive and unpleasant results? In other words, can visitors be removed under the present powers? If they cannot, I suggest that Her Majesty's Government should consider enacting such legislation as is necessary to have them removed—or, indeed, prevented from going there. If it is true that the Mau Mau secret society really owes its origin to economic and sociological problems, which I am personally inclined to doubt (that is not to say that there are not economic and sociological problems which have got to be dealt with), I think it is only fair to say in this House—and I feel sure the noble Earl who is going to reply for Her Majesty's Government would also say—that terrorism is riot the best method of achieving progress.

Those of your Lordships who have lived in Kenya will know that any race or group of people against whom a secret society or a small body of people in Kenya have directed their particular activities must naturally go in fear. Even those who live on the edge of a great city such as Nairobi (I do not know how many of your Lordships have lived on the outskirts of that town, as I have, and have had a house with a garden running down to the forest reserves into which anybody could come by day or night and which it is physically impossible for the Kenya or any other police force to guard) must live in terror of their lives. That there has not been a panic—and I do not believe there has been a panic—argues very much for the sanity of those people who are in that position.

But may it not also be said, not only to the Africans—who, I am sure, deplore as much as do your Lordships and all of us in this country this outbreak of terrorism—but also to the Indian and the European elements in Kenya, that those who have the better education must be wise enough also not to be infected with reaction but must remain in that same liberal-minded frame in which they were, in spite of what is going on? That is very important. I asked my noble friend the Leader of the House how I should say what I wished to say, but he was not able to find a Parliamentary equivalent. I should like to say to those right-minded people, of whom Kenya is full, that in spite of what has happened we beg of them not to become bad-minded. The word I used when I spoke to the noble Marquess was not "bad"; it was another word which your Lordships may, I think, be able to suggest. That is the advice which I am sure everyone would give them; and that is of the utmost importance for the restoration of order and the progress of that Colony.

I regret also that what may be interpreted as a criticism of missionaries should have found a place in the Press of this country. If some missionaries have merited criticism, one can only say that, as in every other walk of life, there are among missionaries the good, the bad and the indifferent. May I draw your Lordships' attention to something which appeared in The Times to-day? It is a message which was timely and happily phrased. It is a message from Rome, to the effect that Monseigneur John McCarthy, Apostolic Vicar of Zanzibar, has:

"… in a pastoral letter, warned the faithful under his care against secret societies in general and the Mau Mau in particular. He emphasises that the Mau Mau has assumed an anti-religious and especially an anti-Christian character and that for this reason 'whoever of the faithful becomes a member of it is liable ipso facto? to the penalty of ex-communication'."

If other churches were to take an early opportunity of saying the same thing to those under their care, I am sure it would have a very considerable effect; and that is true, perhaps, of very large numbers of true and superficial Christians who exist in Africa—and not only in Kenya.

There is one last point which I should like to make. If this is really a manifestation of an economic or a sociological ill, I would express the hope that even if the terms of reference of the Royal Commission are not widened as much as the noble Earl, Lord Listowel, suggested, they should at least be widened to take into consideration the whole question of land tenure, and not only land tenure in the White Highlands.

This may not be known to all of your Lordships, but it arises directly out of a remark made by the noble Lord, Lord Milverton. He understated what Sir Philip Mitchell said in his speech of some six years ago about the progress of Africa and Africans. Without going into historical and anthropological subjects on which it is mach too late to touch, it is nevertheless worth remembering that the progress of Africans in Africa is approximately sixty years old. It is also a very curious and interesting historical fact that in spite of the contact which Africans had over many thousands of years with highly civilised outside peoples, it was not until sixty years ago that they showed even by imitation any particular desire to copy or to learn. It is perfectly true that until sixty years ago neither the wheel, the plough nor the alphabet was known anywhere in Africa, nor had any African race anywhere attempted to make a pictographic or ideographic alphabet—and that in spite of the contract with traders and commerce dating from the historic time of the Egyptian dynasties, through the forests and up the rivers and on the coast; contact with the China trade on the coast round Mombasa; contact for centuries with the Moslem world, both in trade and by settlement on the coast, and contact with the Portuguese. It was not until sixty years ago, mainly by contact with the British, that the African showed any desire to learn to read or write, make a wheel, use a keystone or use a plough. The progress in those sixty years has admittedly been immense, but it has been by the assimilation of what to Africa is obviously an extraneous civilisation. It is within the Africans' own organisation that unfortunately little progress has taken place.

Your Lordships may wonder what on earth this history lecture has to do with land tenure. It has very much to do with land tenure there. Land tenure in Kenya is still, as many of your Lordships may know, largely communal tenure; it is not individual tenure. Under the system of communal or tribal tenure, agricultural progress is practically impossible. It is practically impossible, because if a Kikuyu with a piece of land wished to improve that land by building a house, and putting in irrigation and a terrace, he would be liable to lose possession of the land. The land, being a piece of land under communal ownership, reverts to the community. He cannot get out of his community or his group compensation for the capital he has put in, or the worth of the capital or anything else. It is one of the gravest, most difficult and most intractable problems in Kenya to-day. The African within his own branch of the communal organisation has made no progress in sixty years, in spite of the assimilation of outside conditions.

That is one—not the only one, but one—of the reasons for the land hunger among the Kikuyu to-day. It is perfectly true there is land hunger. That land hunger, however, is not necessarily remedied by giving more land to the Kikuyu for subsistence farming and for improving the product of their agriculture, which cannot be improved under the system of communal tenure. If there were individual tenure in the land which is farmed by the Kikuyu, the product of that land could at the moment more than support the existing population. I do not say it would do so in thirty years' time, but it could to-day. The cure for that is a modification of tribal custom and law, and not, in the first place, the allotting of other land which may or may not be more highly farmed but which, if allotted, would produce only subsistence farming. That is not the answer to overpopulation; that is not the answer to under-nourishment. It is not the answer to what has been created into a controversy between the settlers farming in certain parts and the Kikuyu farming in certain other parts.

Nor is it true to say, as so many people do say and think, that the White Highlands are the best of all the land in Kenya. That is by no means the case. A great deal of the land of the Kikuyu in the neighbourhood of Nairobi is as good as, if not a great deal better than, the vast majority of the land in the White Highlands, but it does not produce the same crops or the same out-turn, and it will not so long as it is farmed as it is now, which will always lead to overpopulation. If the economic and the sociological difficulties in Kenya, with which we are all only too familiar, are at the back of this Mau Mau upsurgence, that is a subject which the Royal Commission ought to tackle, and ought to tackle now; but it is not the answer to say that there ought to be Kikuyu settlement in the White Highlands. It is nothing at all to do with the question. It neither is an economic answer nor is it justice. Take the case of other overpopulated parts of the world. What are the efforts that are being made in India to cure over-population and improve agriculture in areas which are overpopulated? Not to go and get other bits of somebody else's land and take that because it has not been properly farmed. Let us get the perspective of this matter right. In the first place, let us get right the perspective of the Mau Mau, what this outbreak means, and what the cures are, and not go back and say: "All this is merely the result of a lot of dissatisfaction because the white farmers are farming in Kenya." Indeed, they are producing the food on which most of the African population in the cities is at the present time living.

I should like, in conclusion, to ask the noble Lord questions in addition to those of which I think he has taken note, because I have had an opportunity of talking to him about them before. I should like to ask whether the Royal Commission's membership will be announced in the near future, and whether even if their report is not complete in measurable time they can be invited to address to, I imagine, the Governor of Kenya an Interim Report dealing with such points as may affect the Mau Mau outbreak. I say "may" because I should like to be assured that this Royal Commission will confine its activities to the terms of reference which are given to it, and not indulge in recommendations for constitutional reform which will, in the first place, delay the Report and, in the second place, be likely to engender false hopes and disappointments.

My Lords, I have listened, as have your Lordships, with close interest to this debate initiated by the noble Lord, Lord Ogmore. May I say that during the last several years I have been closely concerned with an engineering development in Kenya. Such work, which relates to the production of cement in the Masai Reserve, from deposits of limestone discovered by Mr. Cull, brought me into close discussion with the then Governor. Sir Philip Mitchell, and the members of the Government. I should like to take this opportunity of joining with the noble Lord, Lord Milverton, in paying high tribute to that most able administrator, Sir Philip Mitchell. Your Lordships will realise that the setting up of a large enterprise of such nature in a Native Reserve is no simple matter; many difficult questions are involved. The Government's first consideration, very properly, was the interests of the Masai. To see the Minister for Industry and Commerce, the Chief Native Commissioner, the District Native Commissioner, and several from that remarkable body of men, the District Officers, in action, filled me with great pride and an unshakeable conviction that the interests of the Masai, or for that matter any or all of the other tribes, could not be in better hands. The Masai, whom I like and came to know quite well, are a happy people. I lived in and went through the length and breadth of their Reserve by day and by night, sometimes alone. I would not do so in Hyde Park at night.

The noble Lord, Lord Milverton, referred to Sir Philip Mitchell's recent articles in the Press. I think he might have quoted with advantage one phrase so that we might keep the issue of to-day in its proper perspective. What Sir Philip said, in substance, was that the British sphere of influence covers an area equivalent to that of Europe, and in this frame the Kikuyu tribal area is the size of Suffolk. The noble Lord also stated that at certain times unwise things had been said. I should like to ask the noble Earl who is to reply in a moment, whether he can give some guidance in this matter. When I was in Kenya, I came into touch with a leading figure in the commercial field there, Sir Edgar Vincent, who is the Kenya Member for the East African Central Legislative Assembly. Very recently in Nairobi, Sir Edgar made a statement from which, with your Lordships' permission, I quote the following words:

"The alarming encouragement given to subversive factions by certain members of both Houses of Parliament during their visits here. …"

Perhaps the noble Earl will be able to give some guidance in respect of this matter, about which he must know a great deal more than I do. It seems to me that Sir Edgar hits the nail on the head and his remarks are reinforced by the noble Lord, Lard Milverton.

My Lords, with the greatest respect to the noble Lord who has just spoken, out of his turn, I will occupy your attention for a very few minutes. I was somewhat disconcerted when, only a few hours ago, I was approached to add my voice to this debate. Apparently it was felt that with my experience in Colonial affairs, in Central Africa and Southern Rhodesia in particular, and my police experience, I should have some useful contribution, albeit very brief, to make to this debate. We are deeply indebted this afternoon to the noble Lord, Lord Ogmore, for initiating this most interesting debate, and to other noble Lords who have spoken. For some years I had the honour of serving in the ranks of the British South Africa Police in Southern Rhodesia, and I feel that, although Southern Rhodesia is far removed from Kenya, there must be a considerable similarity between the general work of the Kenya police and the force in which I had the honour to serve. I regret that I have little or no knowledge of Kenya, beyond the fact that I have paid two extremely brief visits to that most wonderful Colony. My father, when he retired from public life, went to live there; I have a number of relatives living there, as well as many friends. But as I have just explained, my knowledge of the Colony is not as extensive as I should wish.

We have heard it said that a "policeman's lot is not a happy one." I fully believe that in Africa, and particularly in Kenya at the present time, that rings very true. As may well be imagined, in Kenya, as in other parts of Africa, the duties of the police are very varied, and difficult to perform effectively. European and African members of the force have to cover vast areas of country in the execution of their duty. I can well recollect how in Rhodesia we used to patrol on horseback these enormous areas of the countryside. This necessitated many lonely patrols, often with nothing to do—but equally often with quite a lot to do. So, too, in Kenya have these police patrols vast areas of country to cover, in which the same difficulties may confront them at almost every turn. Fighting crime is an extremely difficult job at the best of times, but when you are dealing with Africans, whose mentality is perhaps not the same as that of people with whom we are accustomed to deal in the normal course of events, your Lordships can appreciate that the difficulties are enormous.

The bulk of the Africans, many of whom live in the widely scattered native reserves, are childlike in their mentality. They need careful, but extremely firm handling. Quite often it is difficult to obtain from them statements bordering anywhere near the truth. You find that they will hedge, they will lie, without any argument at all. You will find that they will never give one another away. It is extremely difficult to gain the full truth from them. In the case of the present Mau Mau terrorism in Kenya, it must be an added burden, and I think a very difficult one, on the police to endeavour to gain anything like the information needed to be able to stamp out this vicious and quite unnecessary evil. I remember that on one occasion in Rhodesia we had the first vestiges of a similar form of unrest. Art unruly section of the community decided to start up some sort of—I will not say terrorism, but something definitely semi-seditious. We nipped it in the bud while the going was good and before it was allowed to grow too big. I feel that had there not been quite the vacillation that there must have been in Kenya, and had more active and energetic action been taken earlier, this absolutely vicious problem which at present confronts us would not now be in existence.

Knowing; their mentality, I think perhaps that, taken by and large, Africans are not capable of careful organisation in a body such as the Mau Mau. So it is perhaps questionable as to who are the authorities behind the vicious reign of terror which the Mau Mau are at present conducting in the unfortunate Colony of Kenya. It is a very simple matter for Africans, with their great knowledge of bushcraft, to disappear into the mountain regions or into the dense jungle. They can get right away, out of all knowledge of the authorities. In spite of the fact that the movements of Africans are supposed to be controlled, they can still find their way right off the beaten track. I think there is something in the so-called "bush telegraph" of the Africans. They seem to have an amazing knack of being able to tell if any authority is coming anywhere near them when they are having one of their secret meetings. I remember a personal incident, when on one occasion in Rhodesia I was on a long patrol to a mine some ninety miles away from the police station. When I arrived at the mine three days later, on horseback, the manager told me that he had heard from his Africans the very moment I left the police station. That, I think, is some indication, just in parenthesis, of the operation of the so-called "bush telegraph."

The position, as I understand it, of the Mau Mau at the moment is somewhat analogous to that of the Matabele in Southern Rhodesia, who rose in rebellion in 1896. The Matabele had their headquarters, their hide-out, in the Matoppo Hills, near Bulawayo, in just the same way as the Mau Mau seem to be getting together in remote places in Kenya. The Matabele rebellion is, of course, a matter of past history. They rose in revolt when the European settlers first took over what is to-day the Colony of Southern Rhodesia. In the case of the Mau Mau, who are operating in the midst of a highly civilised community, it is a rather different story, perhaps, but I feel that there is some analogy between the two.

Very much of what I was going to say, particularly in regard to the police in Kenya, has already been said by the noble Lord, Lord Rennell, and that will enable me to shorten my remarks very considerably. With regard to the matter generally, I think that, perhaps, there must be a certain similarity between the Mau Mau terrorists and the so-called Amalaita gangs in Johannesburg. These Amalaita gangs have been carrying out a regular programme of murder, violence, robbery and disorder over a period of many years. The police have been endeavouring to crush them, but it is still difficult to know whether or not they have had any marked measure of success. In the case of the Mau Mau, no doubt only when the ringleaders have been rounded up, and the whole thing crushed, will the people of Kenya be able once more to live peacefully and happily, and the police in that unfortunate country resume their normal job.

My Lords, I feel that every member of your Lordships' House will feel grateful to the noble Lord, Lord Ogmore, for the manner in which he introduced the Motion which stands in his name on the Order Paper this afternoon. Other noble Lords who followed have. I think, without exception, intimate knowledge concerning Kenya, and therefore were able to speak from first-hand information. In any event, I feel sure that your Lordships will have been much impressed with the whole standard of our discussion this afternoon, which was certainly very high indeed. On October 16, and again on October 21, I made a statement in your Lordships' House similar to that which was made in another place by my right honourable friend on the general situation in Kenya. The noble and learned Earl, Lord Jowitt, who leads the Opposition and who followed me on the second occasion, assured me that Her Majesty's Government could expect co-operation and support from the Opposition, in any action which might be taken to restore law and order, and to enable law-abiding citizens to go about their peaceful avocations. That statement was repeated again, not in identical words, but with the same meaning, by the noble Lord, Lord Ogmore. And let me say at once that the statements made, both in this House and in another place, have been received with much satisfaction by the Government of Kenya, as well as by Her Majesty's Government at home.

I suppose it was only natural that the House would require at an early date a debate upon the whole situation in Kenya, but I hope your Lordships will not think me discourteous if I am not able to reply to all the questions which have been addressed to me to-day. As noble Lords will know, my right honourable friend the Colonial Secretary left yesterday afternoon for Kenya, where he is to study at first hand all that is happening, and where he will consider, with the Government of Kenya, plans for the future development of the Colony. I would, however, make it clear once again that the Colonial Secretary will not discuss the present measures, which were taken with his prior knowledge, and indeed with his full approval, and which have been brought into operation entirely to deal with an unusual situation. I should not like it to be thought for one moment by any noble Lord in the House, including the noble Lord, Lord Strabolgi, that these special ordinances were passed other than merely to try to give extra power to the Government to destroy this terrorism which has arisen in their midst. I hope the House will permit ma, on the return of my right honourable friend from Kenya, to make another statement dealing with the various subject matters which have been discussed during his absence in Kenya.

I think it is only natural that the members of the House should be interested to know something of the activities of this terrorist organisation which is absolutely and solely responsible for the present troubles in Kenya. Let me say here, in reply to the noble Lord, Lord Rennell, that so far as we are aware, to all intents the Kikuyu are the only tribe who have been associated with the Mau Mau terrorism. But it should not be thought that the tribe have all taken the oath to this organisation, for many of them, I have no doubt, are still loyal to authority and order. But there is no doubt whatever that the Mau Mau is one of the most powerful of the known secret societies in Kenya, which came into prominence a few years after the end of the war. As was pointed out by the noble Lord who moved the Motion, every member of the organisation is required to swear on oath that he will undertake a number of important things, and each one of those is directed in some form or another to destroying all form of law and order other than Mau Mau. For instance, he is asked not to disclose the workings of Mau Mau to Government or to any European. He is asked not to inform against a fellow member of the organisation, not to sell land to any European, not to assist any European; and, finally, he is asked to chase the Europeans from Kenya. Other conditions, of course, have been attached to these oaths, as mentioned by my right honourable friend in another place, which I need not repeat here. So far as we are aware, the ceremonies at which the oath is administered usually take place after dark, in an extremely barbarous fashion.

Let there be no mistake or misconception in anyone's mind. This organisation is pledged to put an end to all lawful government, and to murder, destroy or liquidate persons who are opposed to their principles. It is, therefore, obvious at once that it is far worse than any spasmodic outbreak of gangsterism, which the noble Lord, Lord Rennell, seemed to think it might possibly be. It is also noticeable that Mau Mau have concentrated their attacks upon Africans who hold official positions as chiefs and headmen, in an obvious attempt to break down all forms of administration. We thought—and I suppose every member of your Lordships' House thought as well—that this challenge of Mau Mau had to be met with a strong hand, for a body which will resort to murder, and to other brutal and inhuman crimes, as a means of securing its aim, is obviously challenging lawful authority; and no Government worthy of their name, whatever their complexion, could possibly allow the lives of a great number of law-abiding citizens, Africans, Europeans and Asians, to be placed in danger. I think the House will be interested to learn that the Indian and Pakistan communities have shown their support for Government and, moreover, many hundreds of Africans have volunteered for extra duty.

It is sometimes said that Mau Mau is a demonstration of African nationalism, but it does not seem to me that a return to the law of the jungle by an organisation whose background is associated with many of the evils of tribal witchcraft, as has been pointed out to-day, is the kind of nationalism which would commend itself to any of those who may be seeking the political advancement of the African, more especially in a multi-racial community where confidence and partnership between the races is essential. I have heard it said (fortunately it has not been mentioned in this House to-day) that the action which Her Majesty's Government, together with the Kenya Government, have taken to put down these acts of terrorism is merely designed to hide political or economic grievances which are current, or may be current, within the Colony. We are all aware, and the noble Lord, Lord Ogmore, is just as well aware as I am, that there are both political and economic grievances in existence, but the activities of Mau Mau can only aggravate them and in no sense whatever can they act as a cure.

I have also heard it suggested (articles have appeared in print, and this was the basis of Lord Ogmore's complaint to-day) that there has been complacency on the part of Her Majesty's Government and the Government in Kenya in dealing with this outbreak. I would ask the House to bear with me for a little time while I study the full facts of the case. I think they will indicate clearly that the Government were not lax and that no spirit of complacency existed at all. There is no doubt that early action was taken to deal with this outbreak of terrorism which, unfortunately, gradually increased month after month. A short time ago, the activities of Mau Mau did not appear to be such that the body could not be controlled. But on August 17 the acting Governor, Mr. Potter, reported a deterioration of law and order in the Kikuyu areas and that the introduction of special legislation was contemplated to deal with it. A copy of the proposed legislation arrived in this country from Kenya on September 8, and a few days later, the Attorney-General, Mr. Wyatt, and the Chief Native Commissioner, Mr. Davis, came to London to discuss the matter with my right honourable friend. On September 16—that is eight days later—the Secretary of State's comments were sent to Kenya; and the proposed Bids were published in the Colony two days later. On the 25th of the same month the Legislative Council began their discussion on these ordinances, and all of them, with the exception of the Societies' Bill, were assented to by the Governor on October 3. So that from September 8, when the original copy of the proposed legislation arrived in this country, it was barely a month before it had become law.

My Lords, may I say, on behalf of the Daily Telegraph and myself, that the noble Earl has not quite got our complaint, which was not that the Government were lax in the time in which legislation germinated, but that they did not bring in legislative and other measures early enough?

I think if the noble Lord had listened to what I had said, he would have heard me make the statement that the Acting Governor in Kenya was satisfied up to August 17 that the powers which he had were sufficient to deal with these acts of terrorism, which had, unfortunately, started to increase. It was not until after the middle of September that the number of murders started to rise and that a large number of European-owned cattle were slaughtered and mutilated. As your Lordships will remember, it was at the beginning of October that the Senior Chief Waruhiu was murdered. On September 27 the new Governor of Kenya left for the Colony, and on his arrival there he immediately carried out an extensive tour of various parts of the Colony. His own personal investigation confirmed to him that Mau Mau terrorism was carefully planned and centrally directed, and that its object was to destroy all authority other than Mau Mau. Although up to that time intensive police action had kept the situation in urban areas under control, law and order in the native reserves had undoubtedly deteriorated. I have been informed that at all times there are very few police in the native reserves, and most of the administration is carried on by African chiefs, headmen and sub-headmen. These men are not hereditary chiefs and office holders but are appointed by Government, and therefore are Government servants.

It was not very long before Mau Mau directed their attacks upon these men, and the number of headmen and sub-headmen who have been murdered or reported missing during September and October is alarmingly high. It was obvious to everyone that if these attacks were to continue much longer, there would be a serious risk of a breakdown of the administration of the native reserves. The Governor came to the conclusion that the ordinary process of law proceeded too slowly and that the lack of time would allow opportunity for those who were behind outrages to organise widespread disturbances in which large numbers of innocent people might well have been killed. Therefore, it was decided, with the agreement of my right honourable friend and of Her Majesty's Government, to declare a state of emergency and to arrest what were believed to be the ringleaders of Mau Mau. The Governor was satisfied that the military forces were adequate to control the situation as it then was, but that additional reinforcements from the Middle East, and from Tanganyika and Uganda, would enable him to display an overwhelming show of force so that all forms of violence would be seriously discouraged. It was under these changed conditions that it was decided to bring in these reinforcements.

So far I have endeavoured to give your Lordships a brief outline of the situation which has led up to the present trouble. I feel that I must now endeavour to reply to some of the many questions which were addressed to me. One of the charges which was levelled against Her Majesty's Government by the mover of the Motion concerned the interregnum in the departure of Sir Philip Mitchell and the arrival of Sir Evelyn Baring. The noble Lord, who quoted the dates, was accurate in his detail. Sir Philip Mitchell left Kenya on June 21, and Sir Evelyn Baring arrived in Kenya on September 29, and took over the administration of the Government on the following day. The Chief Secretary had been administering the Government up to that time, and he had certainly shown a considerable firmness and discretion in carrying on the Government. I do not think it could be said—I agree with other noble Lords, including Lord Milverton—that money is the sole concern in this matter. It is obvious that if it were really necessary and urgent that a Governor should arrive in a Colonial territory the day after the outgoing Governor had left, arrangements could quite easily be made to meet that situation. But for many years there has been this interregnum. While these interregna in themselves are not unusual, or even at times disadvantageous, my right honourable friend has now issued instructions to secure that the intervals between the departure of one Governor and the arrival of his successor should be no longer than the public interest demands.

Does that imply that in this case public interest demanded that the Governor should be there earlier? And if it was not for financial reasons—in other words, if no one would pay the Governor's salary as from the middle of June—why did the Governor not go out immediately Sir Philip Mitchell left? It was always the practice in India that an incoming Governor went immediately the outgoing Governor left. In any case, I agree with the noble Earl that it is a highly desirable practice that there should not be these interregna.

As I say, I hope there will no longer be these interregna, and it is the effort of my noble friend to reduce them to the barest minimum. But I do not think that the work and activities of the Chief Secretary at that time would have made any difference whatever, because the special ordinances, which were afterwards promulgated before the arrival of the new Governor within the territory, would have received the sanction of the Legislative Council whether he had been there, or whether he had not.

I should now like to come to the question of the appointment of the Royal Commission. I hope that in the course of a few days it will be possible to announce the name of the Chairman of the Royal Commission, and also the terms of reference. Therefore, I ask the House not to press me to speculate upon what those terms of reference may be, other than to tell your Lordships that the Royal Commission will consider, among other things, systems of land tenure, and will also, at the same time, consider the urban population in the various territories concerned. The noble Lord, Lord Ogmore, asked me what were to be the financial arrangements for the expenses that would be incurred in this outbreak of terrorism which has unhappily arisen. At the moment, I should not like to give him a full statement, in case of any inaccuracies. But the matter is now being seriously considered, and I hope that before long a statement may be made upon this question.

A number of questions of some importance were raised by my noble friend Lord Rennell. Part of the information which he required concerned the Kenya police. I am told that at the beginning of 1952 the Kenya police force, with a total strength (excluding the Kenya police reserve) of just over 5,600, was almost up to establishment. Since then—that was about the end of August—the establishment has been increased by a total of 1,000, of which approximately 10 per cent. will be European. I have not at the moment any further information which I can give the noble Lord as to how the recruiting is progressing, but I will certainly see that the noble Lord is in possession of the facts in due course. I might add that the Kenya police reserve, with a total strength of 3,500, is also up to establishment. My noble friend asked, further, whether the Governor had powers to remove temporary visitors to the Colony. The principal immigration officer, who in this case may be the chief of police as well, might, if he had reliable information which would justify him in so doing, declare a visitor a prohibited immigrant and cancel his visitor's pass. Naturally, the visitor must then leave the Colony. The noble Lord, Lord Rennell, and the noble Lord, Lord Sempill, will observe that the Governor has sufficient powers to deal with that subject as well.

Finally, I should like to deal with what I think was the last matter addressed to me—namely, the observations that were made in another place by my right honourable friend in dealing with the missionary societies. I believe it is obvious now that my right honourable friend had no intention whatever of criticising the missionary societies or the activities of the Kenya Government. But he has stated that it remains important to understand that if the African is denied emotional outlets he will find them in other ways, including membership of secret societies. A large number of observers have testified that this aspect is an important part of the social problem, and it must be included in any survey of the causes for unrest. I regret that I have not been able to reply to all the questions which were addressed to me, but I hope to make a further statement to the House on the return of my right honourable friend from Kenya. May I add this? It must not be thought that during this time of unrest and anxiety all social and economic improvements will be postponed. On the contrary, it is the intention of Her Majesty's Government, and of the Government of Kenya, that the existing plans should be imple- mented, and that other improvements should not be jeopardised by this outbreak of violence.

I hope that this debate will have impressed upon all law-abiding citizens of the Colony—as I believe it will—the determination of Her Majesty's Government, and indeed, of the whole of your Lordships' House, to maintain law and order; and further that, in spite of all the difficulties and complexities of the situation, our policy is to continue to improve, by social and economic measures, the lot of all the peoples within the Colony. Naturally, we shall all, irrespective of Party allegiance, hope that the present outburst of disorder may quickly subside and that lawful authority will be restored. While we shall do all that is humanly possible to protect lives and property, I cannot, of course, guarantee that further violence will not be experienced before this unhappy chapter in the history of Kenya is finally closed. But I can again assure the House, and the citizens of the Colony, of our determination to stamp out the disorders which have been caused by Mau Mau. I have no doubt that my right honourable friend will be discussing with the Governor all the points which have been brought up in the course of to-day's debate, and I will certainly see that the views which have been expressed by noble Lords from all parts of the House are conveyed to my right honourable friend as early as possible, and certainly during the course of his stay in Kenya. I feel sure that it will be of immense satisfaction to the inhabitants of the Colony to learn that the whole of this House is united in the support of the policy which we intend to pursue to reestablish the security and happiness of that land.

My Lords, I am grateful to all noble Lords who have taken part in to-day's debate, and I am particularly grateful to the noble Earl who has replied for the Government. Whether my noble friend Lord Strabolgi is right or not when he says that Colonial Ministers are great men, they are at least very busy men. The noble Earl is, I believe, the only Minister now at the Colonial Office. I can well understand how fully his time must be occupied, and he has certainly given us his attention to-day. I hope that this debate will have had the effect that he thinks it will—that is, to support all men of good will in Kenya—and I trust that the message which goes from this House will be received by them there and will strengthen them in the work they have to do.

It was quite clearly shown that all noble Lords who have spoken believe that we must be firm in restoring and preserving law and order, but that we must also ensure that a progressive policy is pursued. It is most important, as nearly everybody (except, I think, the noble Lord, Lord Milverton) has pointed out, that moderate opinion be fortified. Lord Milverton, unhappily I thought—he has explained that he could not be here and apologises to the House—suggested that moderate opinion had run away from its responsibilities. Noble Lord after noble Lord has pointed out that moderate opinion has been assassinated for standing up to its responsibilities. The noble Lord, Lord Rennell, said that two moderate chiefs had been assassinated. The noble Earl, Lord Munster, also said so, and pointed out that headmen had been assassinated. Mr. Mathu stood up and attacked the Mau Mau. Therefore I think it is unfortunate to say that men of moderate opinion have not shared responsibility. They have not only shared responsibility, but have lost their lives doing so. I cannot think of any greater test than that.

The noble Lord, Lord Rennell, spoke in a very interesting way about the fundamental questions, and I hope that after the Secretary of State returns from Kenya we may have a debate on those questions. It would be most interesting to discuss some of the sociological problems that have to be faced in places like Kenya, but I do not think the present is a suitable opportunity. The wheel and the alphabet were mentioned, and when that debate takes place I hope to put forward what I believe is the reason why the Africans did not evolve either the wheel or the alphabet—a reason which does not at all reflect on their intelligence but has an entirely different basis.

I am afraid that the public in this country takes an interest in the Colonies only when something goes wrong. If any of your Lordships ever speaks to a public meeting on the Colonies, you realise that fact. I have mentioned it before. Their eyes glaze when the word "Colonies" is mentioned, and those near the door take the opportunity to slip out. In this regard, the Press of this country is far ahead of public opinion. It is no good blaming the Press, because when I was in the noble Earl's position I found that the Press very often gave more space to Colonial matters than public opinion warranted. It is our responsibility as a House of Parliament to enlighten and lead public opinion in an interest in Colonial affairs. I have nothing left to add, but before asking your Lordships' leave to withdraw this Motion I should like, on behalf of noble Lords on this side of the House, and I am sure noble Lords opposite would like to join in, to send a message of support and sympathy to all men and women of good will in Kenya, to whatever race they belong, whether they are officials or unofficials, whether they are soldiers, sailors or police. I believe if that message goes out it will do a great deal to reinforce them in the difficult task with which they are faced. With that, I beg your Lordships' leave to withdraw my Motion for Papers.