Burglaries: Greater London Robert Neill To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department how many recorded burglaries there were in each London borough in each of the last 10 years; and what percentage of those recorded burglaries led to a conviction in each year, broken down by borough. Mr. Coaker The statistics are not available in the form requested. Recorded burglary statistics relate to offences and convictions data relates to offenders. In addition, recorded crime data are published on a financial year basis and conviction data are published on a calendar year basis. For these reasons, the two data sources are therefore not directly comparable. Figures for the number of offences recorded and the number of convictions are provided in the tables. Recorded crime data at borough level are only available from 2000-01. ---------------------------------------- |Borough |2000-01|2001-02| ---------------------------------------- |Barking and Dagenham |1,970 |2,220 | ---------------------------------------- |Barnet |4,107 |3,954 | ---------------------------------------- |Bexley |2,583 |2,394 | ---------------------------------------- |Brent |4,441 |4,099 | ---------------------------------------- |Bromley |3,263 |3,580 | ---------------------------------------- |Camden |5,305 |5,857 | ---------------------------------------- |City of Westminster |5,403 |5,646 | ---------------------------------------- |Croydon |3,779 |4,131 | ---------------------------------------- |Ealing |4,637 |4,533 | ---------------------------------------- |Enfield |3,973 |4,411 | ---------------------------------------- |Greenwich |3,050 |2,794 | ---------------------------------------- |Hackney |4,298 |4,287 | ---------------------------------------- |Hammersmith and Fulham|3,076 |2,789 | ---------------------------------------- |Haringey |4,159 |4,803 | ---------------------------------------- |Harrow |2,791 |2,623 | ---------------------------------------- |Havering |2,356 |2,567 | ---------------------------------------- |Hillingdon |4,085 |3,643 | ---------------------------------------- |Hounslow |3,415 |3,192 | ---------------------------------------- |Islington |4,292 |4,567 | ---------------------------------------- |Kensington and Chelsea|3,555 |2,826 | ---------------------------------------- |Kingston upon Thames |1,349 |1,180 | ---------------------------------------- |Lambeth |6,150 |6,974 | ---------------------------------------- |Lewisham |3,287 |3,490 | ---------------------------------------- |Merton |1,792 |1,967 | ---------------------------------------- |Newham |3,460 |3,886 | ---------------------------------------- |Redbridge |2,798 |2,899 | ---------------------------------------- |Richmond upon Thames |2,384 |2,174 | ---------------------------------------- |Southwark |4,235 |5,016 | ---------------------------------------- |Sutton |1,471 |1,820 | ---------------------------------------- |Tower Hamlets |3,714 |3,262 | ---------------------------------------- |Waltham Forest |3,123 |4,012 | ---------------------------------------- |Wandsworth |4,023 |4,352 | ---------------------------------------- |Total |112,324|115,948| ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Borough |2002-03|2003-04|2004-05|2005-06| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Barking and Dagenham |2,012 |2,240 |2,175 |1,921 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Barnet |4,039 |3,978 |4,045 |4,363 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Bexley |2,341 |2,226 |1,986 |2,366 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Brent |3,859 |4,062 |3,987 |3,904 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Bromley |3,596 |3,472 |3,776 |3,926 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Camden |5,884 |4,843 |4,171 |4,108 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |City of Westminster |5,264 |4,296 |4,497 |4,158 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Croydon |4,115 |3,769 |3,230 |3,582 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Ealing |4,543 |4,375 |4,350 |4,999 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Enfield |4,301 |3,865 |3,528 |3,844 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Greenwich |2,986 |3,080 |2,970 |3,209 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Hackney |4,807 |4,327 |3,897 |3,547 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Hammersmith and Fulham |3,089 |2,827 |3,023 |3,052 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Haringey |4,356 |4,115 |4,084 |3,841 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Harrow |2,736 |2,626 |2,178 |2,446 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Havering |2,386 |2,161 |2,315 |2,453 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Hillingdon |3,569 |3,183 |3,143 |3,137 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Hounslow |3,374 |3,450 |2,969 |2,982 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Islington |4,429 |3,957 |3,681 |3,683 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Kensington and Chelsea |2,512 |2,576 |2,580 |2,444 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Kingston upon Thames |985 |939 |984 |1,188 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Lambeth |5,694 |4,980 |4,150 |3,884 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Lewisham |3,708 |3,837 |3,778 |3,524 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Merton |1,930 |2,034 |1,764 |1,796 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Newham |3,494 |3,398 |3,410 |4,112 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Redbridge |2,974 |2,990 |3,058 |3,282 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Richmond upon Thames |2,120 |1,787 |2,017 |2,395 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Southwark |4,885 |4,556 |4,411 |4,143 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Sutton |1,446 |1,397 |1,429 |1,480 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Tower Hamlets |3,567 |3,023 |3,070 |3,467 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Waltham Forest |3,812 |3,284 |3,144 |3,131 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Wandsworth |4,547 |3,664 |3,616 |3,108 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Total |113,360|105,317|101,416|103,475| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Note:The National crime Recording standard was introduced in April 2002. Figures for earlier years are therefore not directly comparable.| | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |London Court Area |1996 |1997 |1998 |1999 |2000 |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |City of London | | | | | | | | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Guildhall Justice Rooms |37 |26 |25 |23 |14 |38 |29 |27 |24 |29 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | | | | | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Inner London Courts | | | | | | | | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Bow Street |98 |80 |66 |68 |56 |64 |87 |82 |67 |59 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Camberwell Green/Tower Bridge |293 |402 |372 |378 |326 |276 |343 |341 |365 |297 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Greenwich and Woolwich |216 |188 |202 |165 |180 |177 |180 |168 |170 |177 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Highbury Corner |365 |301 |286 |245 |262 |223 |293 |264 |253 |230 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Horseferry Road |124 |105 |144 |170 |175 |156 |173 |173 |129 |157 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Marylebone |99 |109 |98 |88 |34 |4 |- |- |5 |2 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |South Western |141 |166 |119 |145 |145 |133 |154 |149 |120 |96 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Thames |92 |111 |74 |243 |334 |298 |294 |326 |220 |248 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |West London |76 |183 |131 |155 |204 |193 |191 |202 |191 |205 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Inner London Juvenile Courts |447 |94 |48 |31 |- |- | |- |- |- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Total - Inner London |1,951|1,739|1,540|1,688|1,716|1,524|1,715|1,705|1,520|1,471| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | | | | | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Outer London | | | | | | | | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Barking and Dagenham |75 |74 |92 |59 |62 |59 |56 |75 |69 |56 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Bar net |84 |107 |99 |56 |88 |77 |107 |97 |89 |84 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Bexley |82 |54 |72 |75 |54 |57 |57 |41 |37 |54 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Brent |124 |121 |93 |75 |105 |91 |91 |70 |85 |114 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Bromley |93 |77 |81 |59 |62 |71 |62 |76 |107 |91 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Croydon |125 |162 |174 |117 |118 |133 |107 |100 |100 |78 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Baling |132 |94 |101 |84 |92 |88 |113 |113 |98 |123 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Enfield |74 |86 |94 |81 |116 |82 |127 |113 |86 |100 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Haringey |104 |125 |98 |87 |111 |99 |83 |110 |100 |107 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Harrow |44 |49 |44 |43 |48 |55 |62 |60 |52 |47 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Havering |34 |57 |71 |74 |39 |45 |61 |52 |55 |52 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Hillingdon |58 |78 |78 |72 |89 |87 |91 |69 |77 |57 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Hounslow |86 |84 |116 |119 |109 |95 |92 |48 |87 |82 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Kingston upon Thames |52 |49 |42 |48 |37 |38 |42 |47 |43 |49 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Merton |73 |82 |65 |68 |52 |54 |51 |68 |59 |76 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Newham |116 |134 |145 |103 |83 |65 |113 |116 |106 |141 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Redbridge |90 |58 |60 |69 |56 |66 |55 |52 |92 |72 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Richmond upon Thames |75 |47 |43 |63 |56 |53 |71 |46 |63 |63 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Sutton |71 |60 |72 |42 |46 |55 |72 |50 |60 |37 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Waltham Forest |99 |118 |124 |87 |93 |79 |111 |85 |88 |77 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | | | | | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Total -Outer London |1,691|1,716|1,764|1,481|1,516|1,449|1,624|1,488|1,553|1,560| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Total |3,679|3,481|3,329|3,192|3,246|3,011|3,368|3,220|3,097|3,060| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |1 These data are on the principal offence basis . 2 Every effort is made to ensure that the figures presented are accurate and complete. However, it is important to note that these data have been extracted from large administrative data systems generated by the courts and police forces. As a consequence, care should be taken to ensure data collection processes and their inevitable limitations are taken into account when those data are used. 3 The above data comprises burglary in a dwelling, aggravated burglary in a dwelling, burglary other than in a dwelling and aggravated burglary in a building other than a dwelling. Source: Office for Criminal Justice Reform - Ref IOS 209-07| | | | | | | | | | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------