asked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty with reference to the recent advertise- ment for third writers and victualling assistants wherein it is stated that ratings of these classes who had served during the War would be allowed to deduct their War service up to four years from their age, in order to render them eligible for the examination, whether he is aware that the majority of men who did serve during the whole of the War are now 30 years of age or over, and that the four years' deduction still leaves them disqualified on account of age; and whether he can see his way to allow the deduction of a greater number of years when calling for entries in the future, in order that those who served during the War may have an opportunity of re-entering the Royal Navy?

The concession referred to by the hon. Member is designed to ensure that the deduction from age allowed shall be approximately equivalent to the actual War service of the individuals concerned. There have been a sufficient number of examinations for the ratings referred to since its promulgation in 1919 to afford the men in question ample opportunity for entry under these conditions. I regret, therefore, that I can hold out no hope of the extension suggested.

asked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty if he will consider the possibility of manning the naval establishments and home service ships based on Portland by volunteers in a similar manner to that now obtaining with regard to the "Columbine."

It is not considered desirable to extend the volunteer system to Portland. This system was only established in Scotland on account of the distance from the home ports.

asked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty the number of chief sick-berth petty officers, sick-berth petty officers, and leading and sick-berth attendant ratings now employed at the Royal Naval Hospital, Portland; and if he is aware that dissatisfaction exists with regard to the amount of leave these ratings are able to obtain, on account of the shortage of staff, as compared with other ratings of equal status in the port?

The numbers asked for in the first part of the question are one, three, five and nine, respectively. With regard to the second part of the question, I am not aware that there is any dissatisfaction, but leave is more difficult to arrange at small hospitals than at large ones. The matter was carefully considered as the result of a welfare request in 1922, and it was found that the circumstances did not justify any increase of complement.

asked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty if he is aware that, on account of the high cost of living on the North America and West Indies station, naval officers are finding it difficult to obtain suitable messmen; and, as the happiness of the ship's company to a great extent depends on the contentment experienced in the wardroom, will he assist these officers and men by increasing the victualling and messing allowances?

The answer to the first part of the question is in the negative. As regards the latter part of the question, both messing and victualling allowances are fixed on the basis of the issuing prices of service provisions and the canteen price list of the Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes, and other considerations do not arise.

asked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty if he is aware that the vacant ground adjoining the royal naval ammunition factory, Alexandria, Dumbartonshire, is full of pit falls, in no way fenced, and is a daily danger to life and limb; and will he take immediate steps to have the citizens protected by either having the ground fenced or levelled?

I have been asked to reply. I am having inquiries made into the matter and will let my hon. Friend know the result.

asked the Minister of Pensions whether he is aware that the Payment of pensions to soldiers' dependants at the beginning of the week occasions them considerable inconvenience, in view of the prevailing practice to do weekly shopping on Friday and Saturday; and whether he will arrange for these pensions to be paid on Fridays?

Payment of the various classes of pension is arranged for different days of the week in accordance with a scheme designed to facilitate the general business of post offices. Any change of the nature suggested would, I fear, necessitate an alteration in the day on which some other class of pension is now paid, and would, moreover, involve serious administrative difficulties.

asked the Minister of Pensions whether he is aware that Mr. E. M. Maton, of 9, Monkton Place, Ramsgate, has been refused treatment allowances for the period up to his admission to hospital on 10th March, 1924, subsequent to the date of disembarkment from the Royal Mail steamship "Orcades," at Naples, on 20th January; that Mr. Maton was disembarked on the certificate of the medical officer that he was in an unfit condition to carry out his duties; that he received treatment in the seamen's hospital, Naples, on the Royal Mail steamship "Ormonde," in which he made the journey home, under his local doctor in Ramsgate, and during intervening periods, when unattended medically, he administered to himself medicinal treatment on the lines recommended in the Ministry's letter dated 2nd December, 1921; and whether he will allow such treatment to qualify Mr. Maton for treatment allowances and, since Mr. Maton's distance from this country debarred him from receiving earlier from the Ministry the treatment since authorised, will he grant him exceptional consideration?

:I am having inquiry made into the facts of this case and will communicate with the hon. Member as soon as possible.

asked the Minister of Pensions whether he is aware that the referee under the health insurance scheme reported in the case of Mr. A. Battman, St. Mary Street, Bedwas (Mon.), Reference 5/MB/1476, that he would be incapable of any work for a long time to come, and that the medical tribunal assessed him at 20 per cent. only on the 14th instant; and whether, seeing that it is the same doctors who constantly attend these tribunals, and if an appeal is made it is the same people who again examine and determine, he will in this case secure a different board to deal with the case on appeal?

This man was examined last month by a medical board comprising a specialist and consisting of entirely different personnel from that of the last board which examined him 12 months previously. Both of these boards assessed disablement at 20 per cent., and a final award of pension at that rate has now been notified, against which it is open to the man to appeal to the independent appeal tribunal if he so desires.

asked the Under-Secretary of State for India what steps are being taken by the Government of India to improve the efficiency of Indian municipalities, especially those in Bengal and the United Provinces?

Local self-government being a transferred provincial subject, it is not open to the Government of India to intervene in its administration. The efficiency of the municipalities in any particular province is the responsibility of the Minister in charge of local self-government in that province and through him of the provincial legislative council.

asked the Under-Secretary of State for India whether, in the revision of the pay of officers of the Army in India that is to come into force next July, due consideration is being given to the rise in the cost of living that has occurred in India since 1919; and what that rise in the cost of living is caculated to be?

The present cost of living for Europeans in India is estimated to be about 60 per cent. higher than in 1914. My present information does not enable me to say how much, if any, of this has occurred since 1919. Local variations in India preclude such an exact comparison as we are able to make in this country. The revised rates will certainly take full account of the present cost of living.

asked the Under-Secretary of State for India whether he is aware of the hardship felt by warrant officers of the Indian Corps and Department who, except in the case of indulgence passages, are required to pay their own passages to this country and back when granted leave; and whether the formerly existing practice of free passages will be restored?

No change has been made in the rules regarding the grant of passages to warrant officers of Indian Army Departments when proceeding on leave, and the hon. Member is under a misapprehension in thinking that they were formerly entitled to free passages when proceeding out of India on leave on private affairs. They are, however, granted free passages for themselves and their families when on sick leave from India.

asked the Under-Secretary of State for India whether he is aware that an American tourist In India, Mr. Peter Zavitiski, has been harrassed and annoyed by the police because he has publicly paid a tribute to Mr. Ghandi; and if steps will be taken to see that the annoyance complained of is stopped?

I am aware that the person named has in a published letter complained that the police watch him, but I have not heard it suggested that the ground for his surveillance is that indicated in the question.

asked the President of the Board of Trade whether the commercial treaty between His Majesty's Government and Poland has yet been ratified; and, if not, whether, in view of the prejudice to British trade arising from the present discrimination in import duties in Poland in favour of France and Belgium, the Government can take any steps to accelerate such ratification?

I have been asked to take this question. I am happy to be able to state that the Polish Government have now ratified the treaty. Ratifications were exchanged last Monday.

asked the President of the Board of Trade whether an anti-profiteering Bill has been drafted; and when it will be introduced?

In view of the position of Parliamentary business, it will not be possible to introduce legislation on this subject, other than the Building Materials (Charges and Supplies) Bill, during the present Session.

asked the President of the Board of Trade if a salary of £3,000 per annum is paid to the economic adviser of the Board over and above his expenses as chief economic adviser to the League of Nations; what expenses were paid to this official during the past 12 months as economic adviser to the League of Nations; and if he will now arrange that only one job should be held by this official?

The officer whom my hon. Friend presumably has in mind is the Chief Economic Adviser to His Majesty's Government, referred to on page 63 of the Board of Trade Estimates, Vote 9. He is not Adviser to the League of Nations, as stated under a misapprehension in the Report of the Select Committee on Estimates, but represents or acts for His Majesty's Government at League of Nations Conferences or otherwise in respect of economic questions, and is a member of the Economic Committee of the League. This officer receives travelling and subsistence allowances when travelling abroad on the business of His Majesty's Government, but receives no other remuneration than the £3,000 per annum mentioned. His travelling and subsistence allowances in connection with meetings of the Economic Committee of the League are paid by the League.

asked the Minister of Labour how many posts as third-class officer in the Ministry of Labour were vacant in January, 1922, when an examination was held by the Civil Service Commissioners for entry in this class; and how many appointments to the post of third-class officer were made as a result of this examination of ex-service candidates and of other candidates, respectively?

At the time the arrangements were made for the examination in question, it was anticipated that there would be some 60 vacancies in this grade of third-class officer, of which 20 were to be filled by direct entry through the examination and the remainder by promotions from within the Department. Owing to changes in organisation it was subsequently found possible only to offer temporary appointments in the third-class grade to the 20 persons successful in the examination, all of whom were ex-service candidates. Nineteen accepted these appointments, which have subsequently been made permanent.

asked the Financial Secretary to the Treasury if he is aware that an application has been made on behalf of the messengers, etc., employed in Government Departments for a conference with the Treasury on the rates of pay paid to messengers, etc.; that this application has been refused and, as a result, a considerable amount of discontent and dissatisfaction exists amongst these workers; and if he will arrange that a conference to discuss the claims made will be held immediately?

The answer to the first part of the question is in the affirmative. I have requested the applicants to furnish in writing the evidence which they consider indicates that outside rates of wages justify the increases in remuneration which they claim. Having regard to the multitude of considerations involved, I regard this evidence as an essential preliminary to any oral discussion.

asked the Minister of Labour if he is aware that considerable dissatisfaction exists at the low wages paid, and the bad conditions prevailing, in the catering trades and other jobs at which workers are employed in the British Empire Exhibition; and if he will, under the Conciliation Act, 1896, use the powers therein given to bring the parties together under the presidency of a neutral chairman or conciliator with a view to avoiding a dispute?

As has already been explained to the House, my hon. Friend the Secretary, Overseas Trade Department, has held conferences on the subject of terms of employment at the British Empire Exhibition. No dispute has been reported to my Department by the parties, nor has any request for intervention been received. I would suggest that, in the first place, the question of working conditions is one for discussion between the representatives of the employers and workers concerned.

asked the Postmaster-General the exact reason why the postal authorities at the British Empire Exhibition refuse to send British Empire Exhibition stamps to correspondents who enclose the money for them; what is the exact reason for insisting upon personal demand by would-be purchasers; and whether, in the interests of publicity, he will waive any Regulations prejudicing the free sale of Exhibition stamps?

The view taken by the exhibition authorities is understood to have been that, at any rate, at the outset, the utility of the stamps as an advertisement for the exhibition would be impaired rather than increased if they could be obtained otherwise than by personal application. It is not intended that the present restriction on the sale of the stamps should remain in force throughout the whole period of the exhibition; and, after the end of this month, the postmaster at the exhibition will be prepared to comply with applications made by post, and accompanied by remittances, so far as this can conveniently be done.

asked the Minister of Labour if he will give the names of the signatories of the Washington Convention who have ratified or have signified their intention to ratify the Eight-hour-day Draft Convention.

Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Greece, India and Rumania have ratified the Convention in question. In the case of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Rumania the Convention does not become operative in its entirety until 1st July, 1924, while in the case of India the Convention expressly concedes the principle of a 60-hour week. Of the countries whose representatives at Washington voted for the Convention, so far as I am aware, Argentina, Brazil, France, Italy, Netherlands and Spain have laid before the respective Legislatures proposals to give effect to the Convention. In addition, since the Armistice, more than 20 States have enacted eight-hour-day laws of varying scope.

asked the Minister of Labour the countries represented at the Washington Conference which have actually adopted the 48-hours week Convention as well as those which have merely submitted the Convention to their respective Legislatures which have not yet approved it; and whether he will give the names of those countries which have not taken any action at all on these lines?

As to the first part of the question, I would refer the hon. Member to the reply I gave to-day to the hon. Member for East Birkenhead (Mr. G. White). As to the latter part of the question, under the Treaty of Versailles there is no obligation upon members of the international Labour Organisation to notify the Secretary-General of the submission of draft conventions to their respective Legislatures. I have, however, a certain amount of information as to the action taken in various countries, and if the hon. Member will indicate to me the countries in which he is interested, I will give him such information as is at my disposal.

asked the Minister of Labour what is the number of persons, male and female, respectively, now registered as unemployed; how many are working systematic short time; and whether he can give the approximate figures for the unregistered unemployed?

The numbers of males and females on 9th June, 1924, recorded on the registers of Employment Exchanges in Great Britain were 795,400 and 231,600, respectively. Of these, 22,100 males and 12,300 females were persons who were recorded as working short time on what is regarded, for administrative purposes, as a systematic basis, but who were not at work on the date in question. There are no statistics available showing the number of unemployed persons who were not registered at an Employment Exchange. The hon. and gallant Member will be aware that since a recent date the weekly figures of unemployment are compiled on a slightly different basis, which does not show separately the numbers on systematic short time.

asked the Minister of Labour how many cases have been recorded in the past six months in which unemployment donation has been refused to applicants on the ground that they have not been seriously trying to obtain employment?

The number of claims to uncovenanted benefit under the Unemployment Insurance Acts which were rejected during the six months ended 12th May, 1924, in Great Britain, on the ground that the applicants were "not genuinely seeking whole-time employment" was 60,738, or about 5·3 per cent. of the 1,136,000 claims brought before the local employment committees during the period.

asked the Minister of Labour whether he can state the proposals now being considered by the Government for the relief of unemployment which may be regarded as specially applicable beneficially to the case of the unemployed in the engineering industry?

A number of schemes assisted under the Trade Facilities Act or by the Unemployment Grants Committee involve the production of material which would provide work in the engineering trade. Other schemes, particularly in connection with electrical development, are under examination.

asked the Minister of Transport why permission to proceed with a road-widening scheme, known as Timsbury, Meadgate, Kingwell Road, has not been granted; and whether, in view of the fact that application was sought on 7th May, 1924, and considerable unemployment prevails in the district, permission could be given forthwith?

In submitting their application the district council gave no indication that it was put forward partly with a view to the relief of unemployment. In view of my hon. Friend's representations, I am expediting the consideration of the proposal as an unemployment scheme.

asked the Minister of Transport whether he is in a position to make any statement with regard to the local authorities in the West of England which have commenced municipal quarrying and are paying wages at lower rates than those fixed by the national joint industrial council for the industry concerned?

As a result of very careful inquiries, I am advised that the conditions of the Fair Wages Clause are in fact being observed by the local authorities in the West of England in respect of whose quarrying operations complaints have been received.

asked the Minister of Health if he will give the average price, exclusive of the cost of the land, of the houses for which the subsidy has been granted under the Act of 1923 in the last six months?

The average prices of houses included in contracts let by local authorities under the Housing, Etc., Act, 1923, during the last six months excluding the cost of land and development, were £404 for non-parlour and £454 for parlour houses. Information is not available as to the prices of houses erected by private enterprise with the aid of the subsidy.

asked the Minister of Health if he will take powers in his Housing Bill to restore to local authorities their right of preventing the demolition of existing dwelling-houses or their conversion into premises for other uses so long as the shortage of houses continues?

I do not propose to deal with this matter in the present Housing Bill.

asked the Minister of Health if he will make provision in his new Housing Bill for local authorities to levy rates on any dwelling-houses which are withheld from occupation so long as the shortage of housing accommodation exists?

I do not propose to deal with the matter referred to by the hon. Member in the Housing Bill now before the House, and, as I stated on the 20th ultimo, I cannot undertake to introduce legislation during the present Session.

asked the Minister of Health whether, in view of the various conflicting statements made in the course of the Debates in the House and for the better information of the public and Members, he, will call for a return from all local authorities to whom the housing subsidy has been granted under previous Housing Acts, showing the class of tenants to whom these subsidised houses have been let?

I do not consider that the value of such a return as is suggested would be commensurate with the labour and expense involved in its preparation.

asked the Minister of Health whether he has received a communication from the clerk to the Mitcham Urban District Council relating to the acceptance of a housing subsidy by a member of the council; if so, whether he has replied to the same; and would he state the terms of the letter from the council and the reply sent by the Ministry of Health?

I have received the letter referred to and am sending my hon. Friend a copy of the reply.

asked the Minister of Health if the formation of a statutory committee of building organisations is to be continued with or abandoned?

I propose to set up an organisation, representative of the persons in the building industry and in the provision of materials, to advise me on questions connected with the carrying out of the housing scheme and to take all possible steps within the industry itself to facilitate the success of the scheme. I do not think it will be necesary to take statutory powers for this purpose.

asked the Minister of Health how many houses are at present under construction by private enterprise on schemes under the Housing Act, 1923; and how many houses have been approved in schemes on which work has not yet commenced?

26,750 houses were under construction on the let instant by private enterprise in connection with schemes approved under the Housing, Etc., Act, 1923, and a further 56,660 had been approved, but not commenced at that date.

asked the Minister of Health what number of bricklayers are now employed on housing schemes by local authorities under the Acts of 1919 and 1923 and slum clearance, respectively; and what are the respective numbers of journeymen bricklayers and apprentices in these figures?

The number of bricklayers employed on the 1st June on houses in course of construction by local authorities under the Housing, Town Planning, Etc., Act, 1919, was 381. Similar information is not available as regards houses being constructed under the Housing. Etc., Act, 1923, and in connection with slum clearance schemes, nor is it possible to state the number of apprentices employed in connection with housing schemes under these Acts.

asked the Minister of Health what number of plasterers are now employed on housing schemes by local authorities under the Acts of 1919 and 1923, and slum clearance, respectively; and what are the respective numbers of journeymen plasterers and apprentices in these figures?

The number of plasterers employed on the 1st June on houses in course of construction by local authorities under the Housing, Town Planning, Etc., Act, 1919, was 320. Similar information is not available as regards houses being constructed under the Housing, Etc., Act., 1923, and in connection with slum clearance schemes, nor is it possible to state the number of apprentices employed in connection with housing schemes under these Acts.

asked the Minister of Health how many houses are at present under construction by local authorities under the Housing Acts, 1910–1923, and slum clearance schemes, respectively; and for how many have schemes been approved under these respective heads on which work has not yet commenced?

The position of local authorities' housing schemes under the Housing Acts of 1919 and 1923 on the 1st June was as follows:

—	Housing Acts of—
	1919.	1923.	Total.
Number of houses under construction.	2,931	12,752	15,683
Number of houses in approved schemes not yet commenced.	305	30,900	31,205

As regards slum clearances, schemes have been approved which will involve the provision of approximately 5,894 houses; tenders have been approved covering 1,090 houses.

asked the Minister of Health what is the total number of medical officers of health employed by local authorities in England and Wales; what is the total number of assistant medical officers of health and school medical officers so employed; how many of these are men and how many women; and in how many cases, during the past 12 months, upon vacancies arising for assistant medical officers in posts held by women, the women have been replaced by men?

The total number of medical officers of health employed by local authorities in England and Wales is 1,455, all of whom are men. I have not complete information as to the numbers or assistant medical officers of health, but the available records indicate that the number of such officers in England giving whole or part time to Maternity and Child Welfare services is 227, of whom approximately half are women; to tuberculosis services 76, of whom nine are women; to venereal disease services 42, of whom 12 are women. Many assistant medical officers of health are engaged on more than one service, and, therefore, these figures are not mutually exclusive; nor do they include certain medical officers appointed wholly for special services. Corresponding figures are not available as to Wales. There are employed in England and Wales 317 school medical officers and 710 assistant school medical officers; of these 826 are men and 201 are women. 286 school medical officers and 341 assistant school medical officers also carry out public health duties. During the last 12 months I am aware of one vacancy in the post of assistant medical officer of health and one in the post of assistant school medical officer previously held by women which have been filled by men.

asked the Minister of Health whether he is aware that Mr. Justice Russell has recently granted a declaration that the payment of relief by the Poor Law Guardians of Poplar made during the recent strike to certain labourers for whom work was then available was illegal; and whether he is taking any action in the matter?

I am aware of the declaration referred to. As regards the second part of the question, surcharges have been made by the district auditor on members of certain boards of guardians in London in respect of relief granted to dock labourers during the strike, and appeals against these surcharges are now before me.

asked the Minister of Health whether he is aware that a firm of importers of dried milk have issued a postcard to medical officers of health seeking to depreciate the London liquid milk supply on the basis of the answer given in the House to a question relating to milk sold under designations other than those authorised by the Milk (Special Designations) Order; and whether the contents of the postcard have the approval of his Department?

I have received a copy of the postcard in question. Obviously I cannot accept any responsibility for the statements in advertisements of this character issued by commercial firms.

asked the Minister of Health what is the cost of central administration of National Health Insurance benefits per insured person, i.e., by the Ministry of Health, the Welsh Board of Health and the Scottish Board of Health, respectively?

The cost of central administration of National Health Insurance, in the year 1923 per insured person was as follows:

		s.	d.
Ministry of Health	…	1	4
Welsh Board of Health	…	1	9
Scottish Board of Health	…	1	4

asked the Minister of Health whether he is aware of the persistent refusal of the Epping Forest Commissioners to provide sanitary conveniences on Wanstead Flats, although overtures have from time to time been made by the adjacent authorities; whether he is aware that on each bank holiday fairs are held, attracting many thousands of people from all parts of London, and on Saturdays throughout the year the flats are used for football, cricket and tennis, and on Sundays during the summer months; and whether, under these circumstances, to remedy the present unseemly conditions, he Will bring pressure to bear upon the Commissioners to provide adequate sanitary facilities?

I understand that the Epping Forest Committee regard this question as one for the local sanitary authorities. I have already made representations to those authorities, and I will consider whether any further action can be taken, but I have no compulsory powers in the matter.

asked the Under-Secretary to the Scottish Board of Health if, as the result of his inquiries into the cause of the outbreak of spirochaetosis, or rat poison, in the East Lothian coalfield, he is yet in a position to state whether or no he will hold a public inquiry so as to allay the anxiety among the people in that district?

I am informed that the Mines Department are in communication with the Medical Research Council with a view to research into the character of the disease. Until further scientific information is available, it is considered that a public inquiry would not serve any useful purpose.

asked the Home Secretary whether he can give the names and forces of those police officers whose pensions have been re-assessed by reason of their retirement being advanced to take effect prior to 1st April, 1919, in order to meet the convenience of their police authority?

:: I will have the particulars collected so far as they are available in the Home Office, and will communicate them to the hon. Baronet.

asked the Home Secretary how many industrial schools have been closed during the past three years, and what use is being made of the buildings?

Twenty-six industrial schools have been closed since the beginning of 1922. I am sorry I am unable to give any information in reply to the second part of the question. The buildings were not Government property.

asked the Home Secretary the number of petty sessional divisions in England and Wales in which no probation officer has been appointed; and what steps it is proposed to take in the matter?

A recent Return shows that out of 1,029 petty sessional divisions in England and Wales, about 170 have not appointed probation officers. In reply to the second part of the question, I would refer the hon. Member to the proposals of the Government in Part I of the Criminal Justice Bill, by which every petty sessional division would have the services of probation officers.

asked the Secretary of State for the Colonies what is the present position with regard to the Anglo-Iraq Treaty; whether it has been ratified by the Assembly and by His Majesty the King of Iraq; and whether and when it is proposed to bring it before Parliament for ratification?

The Treaty has been accepted by the Assembly, but has not yet been ratified by either of the contracting parties. King Feisal has intimated his readiness to ratify as soon as this country is in a position to do so. With regard to the last part of the question, I have nothing to add to the reply given to the hon. and gallant Member for Kennington (Lieut.-Colonel T. Williams) on the 2nd June.

asked the Postmaster-General what has been done with the correspondence intercepted in connection with the holding of the Otley Conservative Club sweepstake; and whether the money thus intercepted has been returned to the people who sent it?

An administrator is about to be appointed to administer the funds of this sweepstake, and the money in question will be handed over to him for distribution with the other mutinies subscribed.

asked the Secretary of State for War when he proposes to lay before the house the Government's scheme for safeguarding the populace from poison-gas attacks in case of war?

I cannot at present add anything to the reply which my right hon. Friend gave to the hon. Member on 20th May last.

asked the Secretary of State for War the number of the military forces of the European Powers on 1st August, 1914, in a form comparable with the Return recently made of their present numbers?

Any such comparison is necessarily vitiated by the fact that the

COMPARATIVE STATEMENTS OF PEACE STRENGTHS OF EUROPEAN ARMIES, 1914 AND 1924.
1914.			1924.			1924. Plus or Minus.
Great Britain		183,100	Great Britain		155,935		-27,165
Germany		806,000	Germany		100,000		-706,000
			Austria	21,500
			Hungary	35,000
Austria-Hungary	424,303		Yugo-Slavia	130,000
Sibera	32,000		Rumania	125,000
Rumania	100,000		Czecho-Slovakia	149,877
		556,303			461,377		-94,926
Netherlands		150,000	Netherlands		163,262	+ 13,262
Italy		270,000	Italy		250,000		-20,000
Switzerland		400,000	Switzerland		500,000	+100,000
			Soviet Union	1,003,000
			Finland	30,000
			Esthonia	16,000
			Latvia	20,000
			Lithuania	15,000
Russia		1,300,000	Poland	250,000
					1,334,000	+34,000
Norway		50,000	Norway		16,000		-34,000
Sweden		125,000	Sweden		32,000		-93,000
Denmark		30,000	Denmark		27,000		-3,000
Greece		60,000	Greece		110,000	+50,000
Bulgaria		60,000	Bulgaria		20,000		-40,000
Turkey		210,000	Turkey		88,000		-122,000
France		902,500	France		732,248		-170,252
Belgium		63,365	Belgium		86,531	+22,966
Spain		122,000	Spain		240,113	+118,113
Portugal		30,000	Portugal		40,000	+10,000
Total Armed Forces in Europe, 1914.		5,318,468	Total Armed Forces in Europe, 1924.		4,356,466	—	-952,002