Skip to main content

Written Answers

Volume 33: debated on Friday 10 December 1982

The text on this page has been created from Hansard archive content, it may contain typographical errors.

Written Answers To Questions

Friday 10 December 1982

Defence

Nuclear Deterrent Projects

asked the Secretary of State for Defence if he will make it his practice to answer questions on the year-by-year expenditure on major nuclear deterrent projects.

No. As my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State for Defence said in answer to a question on 11 November 1982—[Vol. 31, c. 208]—and my hon. Friend the Under-Secretary of State for Defence Procurement to one on 27 April 1982—[Vol. 22, c. 261]—it is not our practice to make available details of year-by-year expenditure on projects.

Chile (Defence Links)

asked the Secretary of State for Defence whether he has any plans to meet the Defence Minister of the Republic of Chile; whether he has plans to develop defence links between the United Kingdom and the Republic of Chile; and if he will make a statement.

My right hon. Friend has no plans to meet the Defence Minister of the Republic of Chile. It is our policy to keep defence links with all nations under constant review.

"General Belgrano"

asked the Secretary of State for Defence, pursuant to his answer of 6 December, Official Report, c.412 and 414, what was the distance from the position of 55 degrees 27 minutes South, 61 degrees 25 minutes West, where the "General Belgrano" was torpedoed, to the edge of the total exclusion zone.

Approximately 35 nautical miles, but as my right hon. Friend explained on 13 May—[Vol. 23, c. 1030]—that zone was not relevant in this case.

asked the Secretary of State for Defence, pursuant to the answer of 29 November, Official Report, c. 104, at what time contact with the "General Belgrano" was first made by one of Her Majesty's submarines.

asked the Secretary of State for Defence, pursuant to the answer of 29 November, Official Report, c. 104, for how long the "General Belgrano" had been on a course of 280 degrees; and what was her immediately preceding course.

It is not possible to say. Irrespective of the direction in which the ship may have been heading at any one time, she and her escorts represented a threat to the ships of the Task Force, in whose direction they could easily have turned at any moment.

Major General Thorne

asked the Secretary of State for Defence on what basis the family of Major General Thorne was selected for a Christmas visit to the Falklands; and why he has reconsidered this decision.

The normal tour of duty for the Falkland Islands garrison is six months' unaccompanied service. The case for allowing General Thorne's family to visit him in the Falklands was based on the fact that, as commander British forces Falkland Islands, he is serving on a longer unaccompanied tour than any other member of the present garrison, and that for operational reasons he is not in a position to take any mid-tour leave outside his command. It was decided, however, that it would be wrong to allow the visit to go ahead at this time.

Shipping Defence Advisory Committee

asked the Secretary of State for Defence if he will appoint representatives of the National Union of Seamen and of the Merchant Navy and Airline Officers Association to membership of the Shipping Defence Advisory Committee.

A proposal on these lines has been made by the Merchant Navy and Airline Officers Association and this is under consideration.

Falkland Islands

asked the Secretary of State for Defence what arrangements are being made for the entertainment of the forces stationed in the Falkland Islands.

We are very conscious of the need to provide entertainment for the garrison. Combined Services Entertainment has been arranging regular live variety shows which have been most successful. The next group of entertainers, which includes a comedian, a female illusionist, folk singers, a fire eater, and an all-girl song and dance group, will fly to Ascension on 16 December and will give a series of shows in the Falklands over the Christmas period.In addition the Service Sound and Vision Corporation is now able to arrange for 10 hours 40 minutes of prerecorded radio programmes to be broadcast each week, and there are a large number of TV sets and video recorders with the garrison on which pre-recorded material can be shown.Some sports equipment has already been sent, and a further £10,000 worth has been ordered. The football pitch has been cleared of mines and is in use. There are limited facilities for indoor entertainment available in Portacabin camps at San Carlos and Goose Green. The Service units have canteens, which are supplied by NAAFI, and a junior ranks club is to be set up at San Carlos in January.As well as facilities and equipment provided by the MOD, the public have been very generous in their donations of recreational equipment. This includes gifts of, or funding for, a number of canoes, yachts, fishing boats and sailing dinghies. In addition, £40,000 from the South Atlantic Fund has already been used to purchase a variety of welfare goods.

S90 Warship

asked the Secretary of State for Defence when he expects his evaluation of the S90 warship designed by Thornycroft Giles to be completed; and if the design is planned as an alternative to the type 23 frigate.

Thornycroft Giles and Associates Ltd. has until the end of January 1983 to submit the results of further research in support of its claims for the S90 design as an alternative type 23 frigate design. It is expected to be possible to complete the evaluation of any such information within about one month of its receipt.

Falklands Campaign (Vessel Replacement)

asked the Secretary of State for Defence when he expects to authorise replacement orders for the two type 21 frigates and the two type 42 destroyers lost in the South Atlantic.

I have nothing at present to add to the reply given by my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State for Defence to my hon. and gallant Friend the Member for Haltemprice (Sir P. Wall) on 16 November—[Vol. 32, c. 150.]

Attorney-General

Royal Society For The Prevention Of Cruelty To Animals

asked the Attorney-General whether, in view of correspondence and previous representations to him from the hon. Member for Nuneaton, he will seek to remove the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals from the register of charities under section 5 of the Charities Act 1960.

Magistrates' Courts Act 1980

asked the Attorney-General in how many instances he has given consent, as required under section 8(6) of the Magistrates' Courts Act 1980, for prosecution under section 8(5) of that Act.

Since the Magistrates' Courts Act came into force I have not give my consent under section 8(6) for proceedings to be brought in any case.

Prime Minister

General Zia-Ul-Haq (Visit)

asked the Prime Minister whether any arrangements are now in hand for a visit to the united Kingdom by General Zia-ul-Haq.

Honours List

asked the Prime Minister if she will define the phrase "For public and political service" as it is used by her in submitting her list for honours.

The phrase traditionally used is "For political and public service". I define this as meaning service, whether voluntary or paid, to a political party coupled with other service of a public nature to national or local public life.

Immigration

asked the Prime Minister how many officials are involved in each of the main entry clearance operations with regard to immigration from the Indian Sub-continent, including such actions as interviewing United Kingdom based sponsors, and interviewing potential immigrants based in the sub-continent.

There are 39 entry clearance officers in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan who interview all entry clearance applicants there. Inquiries in connection with entry clearance applications also form part of the duties of the staff of the immigration and nationality department of the Home Office, including the immigration service, although none are employed solely on this work.

Computer Development

asked the Prime Minster if she is satisfied with co-ordination between the Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency and the Departments sponsoring computer development in industry in relation to the agency's list of recognised bidders.

Yes. Her Majesty's Treasury (CCTA) regularly consults other Departments on these matters.

Home Department

Prison Reform Trust (Exhibition)

asked the Secretary of State for the Home Department if he will arrange for an exhibition relating to the work of the Prison Reform Trust to be displayed in the Upper Waiting Hall.

I understand that arrangements have been made with the authorities of the House for the exhibition to be held in the Upper Waiting Hall from 13–17 December.

Unsentenced Inmates

asked the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the answer of the Minister of State, Official Report, 2 December, c. 290–91, how long the unsentenced inmates suffering from mental disorder had been in custody on 30 September.

The information requested is not collected centrally and could be obtained only at disproportionate cost.

Wales

Housing Revenue Accounts

asked the Secretary of State for Wales what transfers of funds have taken place from housing revenue accounts to rate funds for each local authority in Wales during 1981–82; and what are the estimated figures for 1982–83.

No transfers of funds have taken place from housing revenue accounts to rate funds by Welsh authorities during 1981–82. Nor are any estimated for 1982–83.

Foxes (Control Measures)

asked the Secretary of State for Wales whether, in view of the marked increase in the number of foxes in many areas of rural Wales and the damage to agriculture resulting therefrom, he will consider providing Government funds for the purpose of assisting in the reduction of the pest.

House Of Commons

Pensions

asked the Lord President of the Council what is the total number of Members of the House of Commons who would not on normal age of retirement be entitled to claim pension for all their years of service in Parliament; and what would be the actual or estimated costs on an annual basis for these Members to be granted pension rights for such service.

I shall reply to the hon. Member as soon as possible, and at the same time as I reply to his earlier question on this subject.—[Vol. 32, c. 597.]

Overseas Development

Development Education

asked the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs if he intends to terminate Her Majesty's Government financial support for development education at the end of the financial year 1983–84; and if he will make a statement.

I confirm that it is our intention to terminate at the end of financial year 1983–84 financial support from the overseas aid programme for development education. I have nothing further to add to the observations made by the Government, and published in November 1982, on the recommendations on this issue in the Second Report of the Foreign Affairs Committee of this House on the Supply Estimates 1982–83, published July 5, 1982.

Laparoscopes

asked the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, pursuant to the answer of the Minister of State, Official Report, 2 December, c. 246, when the request for laparoscopes was received; how many laparoscopes were requested; and what further discussions with the Indian authorities are necessary.

The requests relating to Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu were received in London on 26 October and 2 November respectively. One hundred laparoscopes have been requested for Madhya Pradesh and 108 for Tamil Nadu. We needed to discuss how they would be distributed, the level of training of staff who would use them, and matters such as the adequacy of sterilising facilities in hospitals where they would be used; and whether any further British help beyond supplying the instruments would be needed.

Northern Ireland

Assembly Elections (Cost)

asked the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland if he is now able to give the cost to public funds of the Northern Ireland Assembly elections.

I refer my hon. Friend to the answer gave to the hon. Member for Down, North (Mr. Kilfedder) on 10 November 1982.—[Vol. 31, c. 150.] It is hoped that all the necessary accounting work will be completed by early 1983.

Education And Science

"Special School Leavers"

asked the Secretary of State for Education and Science if he will make a statement on the report "Special School Leavers", sent to him by the Greater London Association for the Disabled. and in particular on its request for implementation of the Warnock committee recommendation that top priority should be given to the provision of further education places for handicapped 16 to 19-year-olds.

My right hon. Friend welcomes the report. In its White Paper "Special Needs in Education" (Cmnd. 7996), the Government indicated the need for local and regional co-operation in further education for those with special needs.

Handicapped Young People

asked the Secretary of State for Education and Science if he will take steps to ensure greater recognition of the needs of handicapped young people when planning education or Manpower Services Commission budgets.

The determination of local education budgets is a matter for the local authorities. An increasing number of local authorities are making provision for handicapped young people. Manpower Services Commission budgets are a matter for that body.

Free School Meals

asked the Secretary of State for Education and Science whether he has made any estimate of the number of children receiving free school meals who are statutorily entitled to this benefit by virtue of the family being in receipt of either supplementary benefit or family income supplement.

It is estimated that some 640,000 pupils received free meals under this criterion on the day of the school meal census in October 1981.

asked the Secretary of State for Education and Science what would be the estimated additional cost if all children statutorily entitled to free school meals took up this benefit.

Maintained Schools (Parental Contributions)

asked the Secretary of State for Education and Science whether he has made any estimate of the extent of parental financial contributions to maintained schools in England and Wales.

The Department does not collect information which would enable such an estimate to be made.

Library Books And Periodicals

asked the Secretary of State for Education and Science (1) if he will list figures for expenditure on (a) library books and (b) library periodicals per full-time equivalent student in colleges of further and higher education in each local authority in England and Wales for the years 1978–79, 1979–80, 1980–81 and 1981–82, respectively;(2) if he will provide figures for expenditure on

(a) library books, and (b) library periodicals per full-time equivalent student in each British polytechnic for the years (i) 1978–79, (ii) 1979–80, (iii) 1980–81 and (iv) 1981–82, respectively.

The information is not available in the form requested. I am writing to the hon. Member.

Journeys To School

asked the Secretary of State for Education and Science whether his Department has withdrawn its guidelines on the maximum distance and time for journeys of children to and from school; and whether he will make a statement.

The guidelines contained in the 1950 Manual of Guidance (Schools No. 1) were formally withdrawn in circular 1/81. LEAs are competent to decide these matters within the framework of the statutory provisions governing school transport.

National Finance

European Community Joint Council Of Employment And Finance Ministers (Meeting)

asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer what is implied by the phrase "redistribution of public expenditure" in his statement of 18 November, Official Report, c. 232, about the European Economic Community Joint Council of Employment and Finance Ministers on 16 November.

The phrase "redistribution of public expenditure" was included in the conclusions of the joint council. Ministers wished to signify by it their intention of redistributing public expenditure, without increasing the total, from consumption towards expenditure which would enhance the development of productive capacity thus increasing competitiveness.

Public Sector Employment

asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer what is public sector employment as a percentage of the total work force.

Public Servants (Pension Schemes)

asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether he will publish in the Official Report a detailed list of the numbers and grades of public servants who are participants in pension schemes in which they are not able or entitled to claim their first years of public service for pension purposes on retirement; and how many of such public servants he estimates are in each stated grade.

Public Expenditure

asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer if he will provide cash figures in current prices for each public expenditure sub-heading and total for the years 1978–79 to 1981–82 inclusive and the plans for 1982–83 and for 1983–84 on a comparable basis with the table 2·1 "Public Expenditure Plans" of page 21 of the autumn statement 1982; and if he will express each subheading and total in each case and for each year also in cost terms, base 1981–82 comparable to the totals in cost terms in table 2·2 on page 22 of the autumn statement 1982.

Information on public expenditure was prepared in the form contained in tables 2·1 and 2·2 of the autumn statement so that it could be given to Parliament at the earliest possible opportunity. I regret that directly comparable information for earlier years is not readily available in the form requested. The public expenditure White Paper, to be published early in the new year, will give information for past years in cash and cost terms for each main expenditure programme.

Corporation Tax Returns

asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether he will make a statement on his proposal that a number of firms of accountants be asked to take part in the experimental use of new corporation tax returns for companies.

About 250 firms of accountants, from all parts of the country, will be invited to take part in the trials of the experimental return form. The invitations will be issued during January, and the trials will take place between March and May. Accountants who accept the invitation to take part will be asked to complete a small number of experimental returns for company clients, and, at the end of the excercise, to give their views on the form and some of the issues that it raises. It is hoped that about 1,500 experimental returns will be completed altogether. A number of representative bodies and companies will also be approached for their views.

Reinsurance Premiums (Tax Liabilities)

asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer if he will take action to ensure that the channelling abroad of reinsurance premiums is not used as a device to evade tax liabilities.

Scotland

Fishing And Farming Co-Operatives

asked the Secretary of State for Scotland what financial assistance he proposes to give to the Scottish Federation of Fishing Co-operatives for the coming financial year for the promotion and development of fishing co-operatives.

Financial assistance for the Scottish Federation of Fishermen's Co-operatives has been made available by the Scottish Development Agency. The agency is still considering the arrangements for 1983–84.

asked the Secretary of State for Scotland what financial assistance is available in Scotland for the promotion and development of farming and fishing co-operatives.

The promotion and development of agriculture and horticultural co-operation in Scotland is carried out principally by the Scottish Agricultural Organisation Society. The society's costs in carrying out this work are financed by my Department. Individual farming co-operatives may qualify for grants made under the agricultural and horticultural co-operation scheme which is administered by the central council for agricultural and horticultural co-operation.The Sea Fish Industry Authority has power under section 3(1) of the Fisheries Act 1981 to give assistance by way of loan, grant or guarantee to persons incurring expenditure in forming, carrying on or extending the activities of fishing co-operatives. In addition, the Scottish Federation of Fishing Co-operatives Ltd. receives financial assistance from the Scottish Development Agency for the promotion and development of fishing co-operatives.Farming and fishing co-operatives may qualify for capital grants from FEOGA for projects connected with the processing and marketing of agricultural and fisheries products.

asked the Secretary of State for Scotland if he will appoint to the board of the Sea Fish Industry Authority a representative of fishing co-operatives' interests.

There are no vacancies for appointments of persons by fisheries Ministers, after consultation with the sea fishing industry, as being broadly representative of the interests of the industry. Co-operative interests will be consulted when there is a vacancy in that category. No member of the authority is appointed to represent any particular sector of the industry.

asked the Secretary of State for Scotland what percentage of fish landed in Scotland is caught by fishermen who are members of fishing co-operatives.

The records kept by my Department do not distinguish between landings made by fishermen who are members of fishing co-operatives and those who are not.

Library Books And Periodicals

asked the Secretary of State for Scotland if he will provide figures for expenditure on (a) library books and (b) library periodicals per full-time equivalent student in colleges of higher and further education in Scotland for the years 1978–79, 1979–80, 1980–81 and 1981–82. respectively.

This information is not available centrally. For information on total book expenditure in central institutions and colleges of further education I refer the hon. Member to the answer given to the hon. Member for Glasgow, Garscadden (Mr. Dewar) on 26 January 1982.—[Vol. 16, c. 341–2.]

Foreign And Commonwealth Affairs

Hong Kong

asked the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs what major international companies have announced plans to invest in Hong Kong over the last six months.

Over the last six months, Thomas de la Rue (UK), Ferranti Electronics Ltd (UK), Dow Chemical Co. (USA) and Sea-Land (USA) have announced plans to invest in Hong Kong. In addition four foreign banks and six deposit-taking companies have successfully applied for licensed status.

Republic Of Ireland (Continental Shelf)

asked the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs what is the present position concerning proposals for the delimitation of the continental shelf between the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.

Officials from the two sides met on 26 November in London for talks on various technical aspects of the draft agreement to set up a court of arbitration for delimitation of the continental shelf. More work needs to be done before a further meeting can be held, probably in the early part of the next year.

Diplomats (Security)

asked the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs how many diplomats have been involved in criminal proceedings arising from breaches of security over the last 20 years; how many of these cases involved a personal relationship with a member of the opposite sex and how many a homosexual relationship; and of those involving a relationship with the opposite sex, in how many instances the diplomat concerned has been (a) male or (b) female; and what has been the average number of (a) male and (b) female diplomats in post throughout the 20 years.

[pursuant to his reply, 2 December, c. 260]: Two members of the Diplomatic Service have been subject to criminal proceedings arising from breaches of security in the last 20 years. The first case was that of Leonard Michael Hinchliffe, who was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment in 1972 for passing documents to the Russians when he was a registry and cypher officer at the embassy in Khartoum. The second was that of Miss Rhona Ritchie, about which my right Friend the Prime Minister told the House on 30 November. Both cases involved a relationship with a member of the opposite sex. Neither involved a homosexual relationship.At present there are 2,447 male and 740 female members of the diplomatic service in posts abroad. I regret that figures for the average number of men and women in overseas posts throughout the past 20 years could be obtained only at disproportionate cost.

Employment

Unemployment

asked the Secretary of State for Employment in the Lambeth inner city partnership area how many people were registered as unemployed in total; and how many of these were (a) young people aged 16 to 25 years in each, (b) women and (c) black people in May 1979; and what are the latest available figures.

The following table gives the available information for the Lambeth inner city partnership area, taken as the Brixton, Borough, Stockwell, Streatham and West Norwood jobcentre areas. The figures include school leavers and are not seasonally adusted.

Registered unemployed (old basis)
Total of which,
Aged under 25 yearsFemalesEthnic minorities
April 19799,9633,6272,335*
May 197910,334*2,4301,532
August 198226,807*7,3774,015
October 198228,09311,7707,976*
Unemployed claimants (new basis)
October 198224,447*6,395*
November 198224,245*6,256*

* Not available.

asked the Secretary of State for Employment if he will list the employment office areas or travel-to-work areas that have unemployment rates that are three or more times the national average.

Young Persons (Unemployment)

asked the Secretary of State for Employment how many young people (a) aged under 18 years, (b) aged 18 years and (c) aged 19 years and over have never had a full-time job since leaving school (i) nationally, (ii) in the North-West region, (iii) on Merseyside, (iv) in Kirkby and (v) in the Ormskirk travel-to-work area.

The following table gives, for the age groups and areas specified, the numbers of unemployed claimants at 11 November who had not entered employment since completing full-time education.

Aged under 18Aged 18Aged 19 and over
United Kingdom147,45873,02899,514
North West Region19,64611,39514,752
Merseyside Special Development area6,1854,4415,100
Kirkby jobcentre area353253232
Ormskirk travel-to-work area233215246

Chemstar Ltd (Explosion And Fire)

asked the Secretary of State for Employment what action has been taken with regard to the recommendations of Her Majesty's Factory Inspectorate in its report on the explosion and fire at Chemstar Ltd. on 6 September 1981; and if he will make a statement.

Of the three recommendations contained in the report two relate to the duties of employers. The report has been made available to inspectors who are advising employers on the recommendations when they see relevant hazards during the normal course of their work.As far as the third recommendation is concerned, preparation is continuing within the Health and Safety Executive on the further guidance on storage and use of potentially hazardous substances to protect persons off site.Work so far in HSE has concentrated particularly on liquefied petroleum gas installations, since it is believed that these represent the more hazardous and numerous plants. The guidance is at present subject to consultation with industry and a final version will be issued in the light of that consultation.The principles of protection that have now been established in the context of LPG are being developed for application across the general field of flammable liquids.

Environment

Council House Sales

asked the Secretary of State for the Environment what consideration he has given during the period of operation of the Housing Act 1980, to seeking to extend the right-to-buy procedures and discounts to houses built by county councils for their staff.

County councils generally provide accommodation for purposes related to the specific employment of the tenants and for this reason our view remains that county council accommodation as a whole cannot be made subject to the right to buy. However, county councils have discretion to sell houses and flats on right to buy terms, and I hope that wherever possible they will do so.

Housing Capital Expenditure

asked the Secretary of State for the Environment, pursuant to his reply to the right hon. Member for Brent, East on 8 November, Official Report, c. 82, if he is now able to state the level of housing capital expenditure for the period April to 31 October by local authorities generally and by each individual local authority.

English local authorities' gross capital expenditure on housing in the first half of 1982–83 is provisionally estimated to have been £820 million. As I said to the right hon. Gentleman on 8 November 1982—[Vol 31, c. 82]—1 expect to be able to provide the authority by authority figures before the end of this month.

Radioactive Waste

asked the Secretary of State for the Environment what powers he has to direct the depositing of low-level radioactive waste without consulting local authorities; and whether he will make a statement.

Under the Radioactive Substances Act 1960 there are statutory requirements for consultation before an authorisation is given:

  • (i) for disposal of radioactive waste which will require special precautions to be taken by a local or public authority;
  • (ii) for disposal of radioactive waste on or from the premises of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, or from sites licensed under the Nuclear Installations Act 1965 (as amended).
  • In other cases my Department consults relevant local and public authorities, if it seems justifiable, before issuing an authorisation; but there is no statutory requirement to do so.

    asked the Secretary of State for the Environment what further considerations he has given to the depositing of low-level radioactive waste inland following the decision of the European Assembly against dumping nuclear waste at sea.

    The resolution referred to was debated and passed by the European Parliament at short notice, with only a small proportion of MEPs taking part; and it is therefore doubtful what significance should be attached to it. Policy on the disposal of radioactive wastes on land was set out in the White Paper on "Radioactive Waste Management" (Cmnd 8607), and its implementation is not affected.

    Nuclear Industry Radioactive Waste Executive

    asked the Secretary of State for the Environment if he will list the members of the Nuclear Industry Radioactive Waste Executive, together with their backgrounds; and in what circumstances he will seek advice from it before directing the depositing of radioactive waste inland.

    The executive is an operational, not an advisory body, which consists of a directorate supported by a unit of full-time staff. The members of the directorate are:

    Dr. L. E. Roberts (Chairman), Director of the Atomic Research Energy Establishment, Harwell.
    Mr. R. H. Allardice, Director, Process Technology and Safety, UKAEA Northern Division.
    Dr. R. H. Flowers, Director of Fuel Processing, UKAEA.
    Dr. D. G. Avery, Deputy Managing Director, British Nuclear Fuels Ltd.
    Mr. N. R. Geary, Manager, Research and Development British Nuclear Fuels Ltd.
    Mr. M. J. W. Baker, Board Member for Finance, Central Electricity Generating Board.
    Mr. R. R. Matthews, Director, Health and Safety, Central Electricity Generating Board.
    Dr. A. E. Souch, Chief Engineer, Planning and Service Division, South of Scotland Electricity Board.
    The Chief Executive of the Unit is Mr. M. E. Ginniff.

    In operating the provisions of the Radioactive Substances Act 1960, my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State for the Environment seeks to ensure that appropriate disposal facilities, including those to be developed by the Executive, are properly managed and used. Responsibility for advice on major issues relating to policy for the management of civil radioactive waste remains with the radioactive waste management advisory committee.

    Listed Buildings (West Midlands)

    asked the Secretary of State for the Environment, pursuant to the answer of the Under-Secretary, Official Report, 2 December, column 284, on how many notices of applications for listed building consent received during October he had taken a decision by 30 November on whether he would call in the application.

    None of the applications referred during October to the west midlands regional office of the Department has so far been called in for the Secretary of State's decision. Out of the 24 private applications notifications of the intention not to intervene were issued to the local planning authority for 1 case in October, 18 in November and 2 so far in December. 3 cases are still under consideration. Of the 6 local planning authority applications, 2 were decided in November and 4 are still awaiting decision.

    Transport

    Parking (Verges)

    asked the Secretary of State for Transport whether he will now bring into force section 36(2) of the Road Traffic Act 1972 relating to parking on verges.

    I assume the hon. Member is referring to Section 36B of the 1972 Act, as inserted by section 7 of the Road Traffic Act 1974, which will, when implimented, prohibit parking on the verges and footways of urban roads. Implementation has been deferred because local authorities and the police are not yet ready to undertake the work involved in preparing for and enforcing the ban. There are already a number of ways in which action can be taken against such parking under existing law.

    Transport And Road Research Laboratory

    asked the Secretary of State for Transport if he will list, for the years 1975 and 1981, in figures and as a percentage change (a) the annual budget of the Transport and Road Research Laboratory, (b) the total number of staff and (c) the number of staff employed in (i) the transport operations department, (ii) the transport systems department, (iii) the safety department, (iv) the traffic engineering department, (v) administration, (vi) the highways department, and (vii) the structures department; and what relative priority has been given to those areas of the work of the Transport and Road Research Laboratory concerned with transport policy and behavioural matters and those concerned with the engineering aspects of road and structure design.

    The gross TRRL spend for the financial years 1975–76 and 1981–82 at outturn and at constant prices was:

    1975–761981–82
    £m£m
    Out-turn prices10·012·7
    1981–82 price base21·912·7
    The volume decrease from 1975–76 to 1981–82 was 42 per cent.The average number of staff in 1975–76 was 1,084 and in 1981–82 was 776, a decrease of 28 per cent.The average number of staff employed in the Departments specified was:

    Departments1975–76 (31.9.75)1981–82Percentage Decrease
    Transport Operations7156 and a half20
    Transport Systems9151 and a half43
    Safety103 and a half6042
    Traffic Engineering7256 and a half22
    Admin10170 and a half30
    Highways93 and a half7223
    Structures1017130
    The Department's research programme is formulated in accordance with Rothschild's principles for Government research and development. The needs for research and project proposals are considered on their merits by research requirements committees. Priorities and resources are assigned to reflect ministerial policies: the final selection of projects is agreed by Ministers.Most areas of TRRL research have a policy element, but the figures given show that over the period in question, relative priority was given to civil engineering research which sustained a smaller reduction than average for TRRL research.

    Social Services

    Supplementary Benefit

    asked the Secretary of State for Social Services (1) what would be the cost in 1982–83 of extending the long-term supplementary benefit rate to long-term unemployed supplementary benefit claimants with children; and what is his latest estimate of the cost of extending it to all long-term unemployed supplementary benefit claimants;(2) what would be the net cost in

    (a) a full year and (b) the 1983–84 financial year of extending the long-term supplemenatry benefit rate to (i) all long-term unemployed supplementary benefit claimants and (ii) long-term unemployed supplementary benefit claimants with children in November 1983.

    Unemployed men aged 60 and over already receive the long-term scale rate after they have been in receipt of supplementary benefit at the ordinary rate for one year. If this provision were extended to all unemployed claimants, the estimated additional costs in a full year, at November 1982 benefit rates, would be £325 million. If the extension were restricted to unemployed claimants with dependent children, the cost would be £150 million. If the provision were introduced in November 1983, the estimated additional costs in 1983–84 would be £145 million and £70 million respectively.

    Private Hospitals

    asked the Secretary of State for Social Services how many private hospitals were opened in 1981–82; and how many are at present under construction.

    Information about private hospitals under construction is not kept centrally, but I would estimate that about 600 new private hospital beds have been opened during 1982. Arrangements have been made for information about the number of private hospitals and nursing homes registered with district health authorities to be available in future on an annual basis.

    Hospitals (Finance)

    asked the Secretary of State for Social Services if he will list any hospitals, or sections of hospitals which have been built but not opened due to lack of finance.

    The latest information held centrally on hospital facilities awaiting opening was given in my reply to the hon. Member for Crewe (Mrs. Dunwoody) on 22 November 1982.—[Official Report, Vol. 32, c. 375.]

    Disabled War Pensioners (Allowance)

    asked the Secretary of State for Social Services if he will increase the disabled war pensioners' allowance to take account of the increase in clothing costs which have taken place since July 1978 when the allowances were last increased; and if he will make a statement.

    The allowances for wear and tear of clothing payable to certain war disablement pensioners are increased each November as part of the general uprating of war pensions and allowances.

    Benefits (Frauds)

    asked the Secretary of State for Social Services, pursuant to the reply to the hon. Member for Newham, North-West, Official Report, 5 July, c. 24, whether his Department will in future keep records of the amounts of money of which his Department is defrauded when this fraud is proved by criminal conviction.

    The Department is currently considering a revision of the methods of collecting and processing fraud statistics. The system under consideration would involve the collecting of detailed information on a sample of cases and this would enable an estimate to be made of the amount of benefit overpaid to persons convicted of fraud.

    Social Security Commissioners (Appeals)

    asked the Secretary of State for Social Services if he will update the answer on appeals to the social security commissioners given to the hon. Member for Wood Green (Mr. Race) on 18 January, Official Report, c. 48.

    Overseas Visitors

    asked the Secretary of State for Social Services what guidance has been given to family practitioner committees on the treatment of overseas visitors by general practitioners.

    No recent guidance has been given to family practitioner committees on this subject.

    Family Benefits

    asked the Secretary of State for Social Services what is the estimated number of children of statutory school age whose families are in receipt of either supplementary benefit or family income supplement.

    There were about 983,000 children of statutory school age in families receiving supplementary benefit in December 1981, and about 206,000 in families receiving family income supplement in April 1982, the latest dates for which information is available. About 1 per cent. of the families receiving supplementary benefit were also in receipt of family income supplement because family income supplement entitlement extends for a 12-month period.

    Benefits

    asked the Secretary of State for Social Services what would be the estimated annual cost of providing the long-term supplementary benefit rate to people unemployed for over one year; and what would be the cost if the long-term benefit were restricted to unemployed people with dependent children.

    [pursuant to his reply, 6 December 1982, c. 389]: Unemployed men aged 60 or over already receive the long-term scale rate after they have been in receipt of supplementary benefit at the ordinary rate for one year. If this provision were extended to all unemployed claimants the estimated additional annual cost at November 1982 benefit rates would be £325 million. If the extension were restricted to unemployed claimants with dependent children the cost would be £150 million.

    United Kingdom trade in containers of sheet or plate iron and steel 1979–82 (value £ thousand)
    1979198019811982 (January-August)
    tonnesvaluetonnesvaluetonnesvaluetonnesvalue
    Containers for the conveyance or packing of goods
    (1) Of capacity greater than 50 litres
    (a) Casks and drums
    Total imports cif7706033,2792,2121,108954470626
    of which originating in:
    United Kingdom2913238343404320111190
    Netherlands69496133837965126173
    France1671073282011211248168
    Denmark941391151141215358
    Federal Republic of Germany67731,01354196874845
    Irish Republic49232902021901331527
    Belgium-Luxembourg174874802602181722
    United States of America41727010469611
    Switzerland1661192235510
    Other8142695455531021
    Total exports fob3,5283,0733,9322,526*1,116*8151,124932
    (b)Boxes and containers
    Total imports cif5795133,0301,8261,6181,080418257
    of which originating in:

    asked the Secretary of State for Social Services what is his estimate of the cost of putting all unemployed persons between 16 and 60 years on ordinary unemployment benefits regardless of the length of such unemployment in respect of (a) males and (b) females; and what would be the difference to the tax yield as a result.

    [pursuant to his reply, 18 November 1982, c. 278]: It is estimated that the net benefit cost in 1982–83 would be:

  • (a) about £160 million; and
  • (b) about £250 million.
  • The extra tax yield in 1982–83 would be about £25 million and £10 million respectively.

    asked the Secretary of State for Social Services what is his estimate of the cost of putting every unemployed person aged between 60 and 65 years on long-term rates of benefit.

    Trade

    Tinplate

    asked the Minister for Trade (1) if he will publish in the Official Report, for each month since January 1979, the imports into the United Kingdom together with the country of origin, of each of the following items of tinplate coded under S.I.T.C. (R2) 692.41 (a) 7323 1010, (b) 7323 1020, (c) 7323 1099, (d) 7323 2100, (e) 7323 2300, (f) 7323 2500 and (g) 7323 2900;(2) if he will publish in the

    Official Report, for each month since January 1979, the exports from the United Kingdom of each of the following items of tinplate coded under S.I.T.C. (R2) 692.41: (a) 7323 1010, (b) 7323 1020, (c) 7323 1099, (d) 7323 2100, (e) 7323 2300, (f) 7323 2500 and (g) 7323 2900.

    The information which can be provided within acceptable limits of cost is as follows:

    1979

    1980

    1981

    1982 (January-August)

    tonnes

    value

    tonnes

    value

    tonnes

    value

    tonnes

    value

    United Kingdom2213798431298278251128
    Federal Republic of Germany52537394189724326162
    France1081212671981191124225
    Belgium-Luxembourg994231917749214718
    Netherlands1048780749522391314
    United States of America3134441273925
    Irish Republic18578453833
    Sweden8074101210900
    Other9210538457711101
    Total exports fob2,9702,3641,3111,139

    *777

    *778

    819850

    1979

    1980

    1981

    1982(January-August)

    tonnes

    value

    tonnes

    value

    tonnes

    value

    tonnes

    value

    (c) Other total imports cif

    256252593805709747185533
    Federal Republic of Germany84771198710525270244
    United Kingdom6206929421211129112
    Netherlands1712201249753040
    France284318618837491240
    United States of America21340602270531
    Belgium-Luxembourg39193932751722
    Other81691211322091743865
    Total exports fob1,0659899941,346

    *400

    *405

    385574
    (2) of capacity less than 50 litres

    (a) Milk churns

    Total imports cif of which originating in:111401
    Federal Republic of Germany01
    France912
    Japan01
    United States of America01
    Irish Republic20
    Other
    Total exports fob3104193

    *

    *

    (b) Cans for preserving food and drink

    Total imports cif, of which originating in:5113956,9224,9005685895,6205,391
    Federal Republic of Germany202680079436392,7082,338
    United States of America3051631,22361102765874
    Netherlands331,0507602332931913
    Spain00541360669686
    Denmark125150191224212239244266
    Belgium-Luxembourg001,8461,1774947115112
    France88328191827410899
    Other504494278216515779102
    Total exports fob22,06613,98315,56911,500

    *7,516

    *5,774

    13,64111,541

    (c) Other

    (i) with plate of thickness less than 0·5 mm
    Total imports cif of which originating in:3,2413,07611,23310,4013,7753,9732,7433,437
    Federal Republic of Germany3535887571,116588667631820
    United States of America292422627794197325364716
    Netherlands1,3741,1176,4835,3971,4401,300628687
    France64138903906207381141258
    Belgium-Luxembourg629304219204288169118118
    Portugal1413206223
    Sweden10173977840523422610493
    Other4144211,060922532709251344
    Total exports fob33,47429,17823,26124,115

    *10,808

    *11,930

    12,54714,145
    (ii) with plate of thickness more than 0·5 mm
    Total imports cif of which originating in:2,3672,6403,0503,6681,8971,9701,0521,231
    Sweden426358681556753661302240
    Denmark543912292156147179188
    United States of America14538525475467168103187
    Federal Republic of Germany17334037245824029876179
    Norway22415810986256196210170
    France1571712033231061314399
    Netherlands64651256940443453250
    United Kingdom688211422662935048
    Italy11634014337146802632
    Belgium-Luxembourg4928120163212722

    1979

    1980

    1981

    1982 (January-August)

    tonnes

    value

    tonnes

    value

    tonnes

    value

    tonnes

    value

    Soviet Union743383374723
    Other2341952801971011013036
    Total exports fob9661,0691,3941,595

    *2,017

    *1,644

    1,3951,750

    Source: Overseas Trade Statistics

    Notes:

    * See note (i)

    (i) Export figures for 1981 exclude the months March to August inclusive owing to the effects of the Civil Service pay dispute in that year.

    (ii) Owing to rounding there may be slight discrepancies between total imports and the sum of their constituent parts as shown.

    Aluminium (Imports)

    asked the Minister of Trade if he will publish in the Official Report, for each month since January 1979, the imports into the United Kingdom, together with the country of origin, of each of the

    Imports of Aluminium Containers, 1979–82[value: £ thousand cif]
    197919801981January-August 1982
    tonnesvaluetonnesvaluetonnesvaluetonnesvalue
    (1) Rigid tubular
    Total imports7882,5619813,0126072,1632831,012
    of which originating in:
    Finland2407741555045121368281
    Federal Republic of Germany94276772758123681228
    France11945015454113845852198
    Switzerland1264491886349343444146
    United Kingdom468583235831458
    Netherlands61181561791866943
    Italy14604014228120922
    Norway195441110229538
    United States of America21981633431812018
    Austria1333205541125
    Irish Republic9252495232
    Denmark16388191020
    Greece303601
    Other countries1140391381373115
    (2) Collapsible tubular
    Total imports5171,9773781,4244411,6933761,678
    of which originating in:
    Norway190438173429164483127430
    Federal Republic of Germany41357463326745974354
    France34161581975716579338
    Sweden85317481754022743244
    Switzerland349813822011113104
    Netherlands54022922441391
    Austria24144178419771149
    Irish Republic28232738636
    United States of America8230041103321
    United Kingdom41681676
    Belgium-Luxembourg523011032
    Finland1178221215
    Other countries41494452316
    (3) Casks, drums, cans, boxes, for conveyance or packing of goods:
    (a) of capacity of 50 litres or greater:
    Total imports5401,9015191,2544321,090257755
    of which originating in:
    Federal Republic of Germany103459681485420275240
    France417828289261165
    Irish Republic3451,1211926437526750131
    United Kingdom31462173271441872762
    Netherlands7163568881858
    Switzerland65193819120546
    Italy131051631
    United States of America2913827933212
    Denmark028185812
    Finland62182941701
    Norway512311114400
    Other countries4151252847

    following items of aluminium coded under S.I.T.C. (R2) 692.42 (a) 7610 4100, (b) 7610 4500, (c) 7610 9100 and (d) 7610 9900.

    The information which can be supplied within acceptable limits of cost is as follows:

    1979

    1980

    1981

    January-August 1982

    tonnes

    value

    tonnes

    value

    tonnes

    value

    tonnes

    value

    (b) of capacity less than 50 litres:

    Total imports3,7478,1644,5759,1905,49311,493

    *2,887

    *7,963

    of which originating in:
    France1,5222,9352,6654,3253,5986,3431,2892,887
    Netherlands3501,0263671,1564211,2663151,137
    Federal Republic of Germany1,0852,3534491,1943831,0983071,030
    Switzerland1795324571,028392855302844
    Denmark167342165362299700201468
    Finland1755692493612778314
    United States of America63912366423166301
    Norway49122511416419656185
    United Kingdom7413811522510326061169
    Sweden861174358184444127
    Italy156344107261351051870
    Other countries551627615479269150429

    0=weight less than 0·5 tonne; value less than £500 cif.

    * includes milk churns, separately identified in previous years.

    Notes: Owing to rounding, there may be slight discrepancies between total import figures and the sum of their constituent parts as shown.

    Lloyd's

    asked the Minister for Trade, pursuant to the answer given to the hon. Member for Oldham, West on 6 December, Official Report, c. 588, if, in the course of his discussions with the chairman of Lloyd's, he will urge the appointment by Lloyd's of a senior accountancy firm to undertake a complete and thorough audit of the Lloyd's market.

    There are over 20,000 underwriting members of Lloyd's. Their business is carried on through over 400 syndicates and is administered by some 300 underwriting agencies. Business is introduced by over 250 Lloyd's brokers. Brokers and agencies incorporated as companies are subject to audit under the Companies Act. Lloyd's is currently reviewing its auditing procedures and the working party examining this is expected to produce a first report shortly. I welcome these developments.

    Agriculture, Fisheries And Food

    Ec (Subsidised Products)

    asked the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, for each product subject to the common agricultural policy, what was the cost in £ sterling of export subsidies in the latest year for which figures are available; and what were the comparable figures in each of the three previous years.

    The information requested is set out in the table:

    Expenditure on export refunds 1978–1981
    (£ million)
    1978197919801981
    Cereals552769711672
    Rice11272710
    Milk and Milk Products1,0391,3561,6631,050
    Oils and Fats125
    Sugar425445173228
    Beef and Veal97175433460
    Pigmeat21515574
    Eggs and Poultrymeat25525247
    Fruit and Vegetables32222524
    Wine131614
    Tobacco2233
    Processed goods138164134157

    European Community (Self-Sufficiency)

    asked the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, for each product subject to the common agricultural policy, what was the degree of self-sufficiency achieved in the European Economic Community in the latest year for which figures are available; and what were the comparable figures for each of the three previous years.

    I refer the hon. Member to the tables on pages 200 to 203 of the "Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics, 1977–1980", published by the Statistical Office of the European Communities (1982), a copy of which is in the Library of the House.

    Food Production (Self-Sufficiency)

    asked the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food what is the degree of self-sufficiency in the United Kingdom for each of the products covered by the common agricultural policy; and what were the comparable figures in each of the three previous years.

    Tables 7–12 and 14, 16, 17 and 18 of the "Annual Review of Agriculture 1982" White Paper (Cmnd 8491) include figures showing United Kingdom production as a percentage of total new supply for a range of agricultural products: more up-to-date estimates will be made during the current annual review of agriculture.

    Agricultural Products (Consumption)

    asked the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food what is the consumption per person in the United Kingdom for each of the major agricultural products; and what were the comparable figures in each of the three previous years.

    Statistics on the new supplies—production plus imports less exports—of each of the main agricultural commodities are published in each year's annual review White Paper. Per capita estimates of food available for human consumption in 1980 and the three previous years were published last December in a "Food Facts" press notice. Other press notices in this series report the quarterly results of the national food survey, which measures household food consumption. All of these publications are available in the Library of the House.

    European Community (Spain And Portugal)

    asked the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food what estimates have been made by the European Economic Community Commission of the extra costs to the common agricultural policy of the admission of Spain and Portugal to the European Economic Community.

    The Commission has estimated that Spanish and Portuguese accession together will increase FEOGA expenditure by some 1,600–1,700 million ECU per annum, offset by extra agricultural levies and duties which will increase the resources of the Community by about 500 million ECU per annum. These figures are based on 1980–81 prices, and assume the completion of the transitional arrangements and full application of the common agricultural policy within the applicant countries.

    Common Agricultural Policy

    asked the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, for each product subject to the common agricultural policy, what quantities were exported in the latest year for which figures are available; and what were the comparable figures in each of the three previous years.

    The information requested for the main commodities concerned is set out in the table:

    European Community Exports to Third Countries
    '000 tonnes
    Commodity1978197919801981
    *
    Wheat1,9174,3627,5249,848
    Barley3,7833,1114,3093,749
    Wheat Flour2,2442,5473,0243,367
    Rice338302387390
    Malt1,1161,1351,015988
    Wholemilk Powder335385531516
    Skimmed Milk Powder418636580432
    Condensed Milk545556654557
    Butter and Butteroil245464547447
    Beef and Veal102224527472
    Pigmeat529983170
    Poultrymeat193264337455
    Sugar (refined)2,9783,1123,5974,572
    Wine6828169291,023

    * Excluding United Kingdom exports for which the full year's figures are not yet available.

    asked the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food what are the current levels of European Economic Community stocks of each agricultural product subject to the common agricultural policy; and what were the comparable figures in each of three previous years.

    The latest figures for the levels of public intervention stocks of products subject to the common agricultural policy, together with figures for corresponding dates in the previous three years, are set out in the table:

    Intervention Stocks
    Commodity'000 tonnesDate of 1982 figures
    1979198019811982
    Butter29716589011 November 1982
    Skimmed Milk Powder29222431557311 November 1982
    Wheat1,8204,8752,9596,16326 November 1982
    Barley691,0338571,48826 November 1982
    Rye55449631729226 November 1982
    Durum14415428674426 November 1982
    Beef255268195175end October 1982
    Olive Oil485713317131 October 1982
    Oilseeds797193724 November 1982

    Exchange Rate

    asked the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food what is the relationship between the exchange rate for the £ sterling and monetary compensatory amounts.

    Monetary compensatory amounts broadly represent the difference between the market exchange rate for sterling, in relation to the currencies fully participating in the European monetary system, and the representative rate for agricultural purposes, otherwise known as the green rate, which is fixed by the Council of Ministers. When the market rate is stronger than the green rate, MCAs are positive; when the market rates is weaker than the green rate, MCAs are negative.

    Barley

    asked the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food what is the reason for the increased volume of barley taken into intervention stocks in the United Kingdom in 1982 compared with 1981.

    The main factors are that the harvest was larger in 1982 and opportunities for export were much fewer in the first three months of this season than in 1981–82.

    European Community (Entry Prices)

    asked the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food by what percentage Common Market entry prices for common wheat, barley, maize, white sugar, beef and veal, pigmeat, butter and skimmed milk powder, respectively, exceeded the minimum offer prices for imports on the most recent date for which figures are available; and what were the comparable percentages for each product on a comparable date in each of the previous five years.

    Food Prices

    asked the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food if he will estimate the saving to United Kingdom consumers if food were available at world prices, on the basis used by the European Economic Community and the United Kingdom Government for the calculation of variables such as import levies and export rebates; and what further savings would be made if import levies were no longer charged and transmitted to the European Economic Community and export rebates were no longer paid out for exports.

    As regards the first part of my hon. Friend's question, I refer him to the reply given to my hon. Friend the Member for Aldridge, Brownhills (Mr. Shepherd) on 8 December.—[Vol. 33, c. 551.] Receipts of agricultural import levies in the United Kingdom in 1980, the last year for which complete figures are available, were £233.6 million, while expenditure in the United Kingdom on export refunds in 1981 was £222.8 million.

    Food Price Index

    asked the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food what has been the increase in the food price index since 1973; and if he will provide separate calculations for those foodstuffs such as coffee, tea, margarine and so on which are not covered by the common agricultural policy and for those foodstuffs such as butter, bread, meat and milk which are covered by the common agricultural policy.

    The percentage increase in the food component of the retail prices index, published by the Department of Employment, between calendar year 1973 and October 1982 is 230 per cent. The corresponding percentage increases for the specified items are:

    Per cent.
    Coffee, cocoa and food drinks254
    Tea220
    Margarine151
    Butter324
    Bread262
    Meat and bacon186
    Fresh milk260
    I must point out that the majority of the increase in prices of those products in the common agricultural policy has not been due to the common agricultural policy but to higher wages, higher fuel costs and other inflationary pressures.

    Margarine (Fish Oil)

    asked the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food why he has agreed that fish oil can be declared to be animal fat as an ingredient of margarine from 1 January 1983.

    The Food Labelling Regulations 1980 are in accordance with the terms of the Community food labelling directive 79/112.

    Energy

    Standing Charges

    asked the Secretary of State for Energy if he will seek to have the reports of the consultants who are examining standing charges expedited in order for him to be able to make a statement on the response of the electricity and gas supply industries before the Christmas Adjournment.

    Opencast Coal Mining

    asked the Secretary of State for Energy whether his Department monitors the use of land deemed suitable by the National Coal Board for opencast coal mining.

    No. However the Government are considering a number of recommendations of the Commission of Energy and the Environment designed to improve the relationship between the planning of opencast coal mining and that of other forms of developments, and hope to reply shortly on these and other recommendations in the commission's report on "Coal and the Environment."