Select a date
Go to today
Skip calendar selector
Legend for calendar days
Indicator for Days with content
Indicator for the Selected day
Indicator for a Weekend
Downloads
Download content and documents relevant to the day's proceedings.
Commons Hansard for 23 March 2009 (Volume 490)
From the bound volume. Last updated
13 May 2018 at 8.11pm.
Commons Chamber
Record of debates that happened in the House of Commons main chamber.
House of Commons
(item number 1)
(id 0903235000006)
Prayers
(item number 2)
(id 0903235000008)
Oral Answers to Questions
View all Oral Answers to Questions
Home Department
Drugs Strategy
(item number 1)
(id 0903235000016)
Violent Crime
(item number 1)
(id 0903235000017)
Serious Convictions (DNA Evidence)
(item number 1)
(id 0903235000018)
Illegal Immigrants
(item number 1)
(id 0903235000019)
UK Human Trafficking Centre
(item number 1)
(id 0903235000020)
Points-based Immigration System
(item number 1)
(id 0903235000021)
Topical Questions
(item number 1)
(id 0903235000022)
Spring European Council
(item number 4)
(id 0903235000002)
Rights and Responsibilities
(item number 5)
(id 0903235000003)
Point of Order
(item number 6)
(id 0903235000004)
Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust
(item number 7)
(id 0903235000005)
Coroners and Justice Bill (Programme) (No. 3)
(item number 8)
(id 0903235000001)
Coroners and Justice Bill
(item number 9)
(id 09032313000001)
Business Without Debate
(item number 10)
(id 0903242000001)
Delegated Legislation
(item number 11)
(id 0903242000003)
Blacklisting (Construction Industry)
(item number 12)
(id 0903242000002)
Written Statements
Written statements are normally used to put the day-to-day business of government on the official record and in the public domain.
Written Answers
Content for Written Answers.
Written Answers to Questions
Transport
Bus Services: Concessions
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000017)
Driving: Insurance
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000018)
Driving: Multiple Sclerosis
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000019)
High Speed Two: Finance
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000020)
Highways Agency: Members
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000021)
Intercity Express Programme
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000022)
Motor Vehicles: Safety
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000023)
Railways
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000024)
Roads and Railways
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000025)
Roads: Snow and Ice
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000026)
Rolling Stock: Procurement
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000027)
Transport: Eco-Towns
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000028)
Defence
Afghanistan: Peacekeeping Operations
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000029)
Africa: Conflict Prevention
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000030)
Air Force: Military Bases
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000031)
Apprentices
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000032)
Armed Forces: Families
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000033)
Armed Forces: Northern Ireland
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000034)
Armed Forces: Pay
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000035)
Armed Forces: Deployment
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000036)
Defence Equipment
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000037)
Departmental Bank Services
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000038)
Departmental Public Consultation
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000039)
Departmental Recruitment
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000040)
Departmental Temporary Employment
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000041)
Departmental Training
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000042)
Departmental Translation Services
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000043)
EU Battlegroups
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000044)
Ex-Services Mental Welfare Society
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000045)
HMS Victorious
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000046)
Joint Working Groups
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000047)
Loss of Service Will
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000048)
Military Aircraft: Helicopters
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000049)
Nuclear Weapons
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000050)
Special Forces
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000051)
Sudan: Military Aid
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000052)
Trident
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000053)
Warships: Persian Gulf
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000054)
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Afghanistan: Drugs
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000055)
AIDS
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000056)
Bali: Terrorism
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000057)
Belarus: Human Rights
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000058)
Burma: Political Prisoners
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000059)
Burma: Politics and Government
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000060)
Burma: Religious Freedom
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000061)
Burma: United Nations
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000062)
Cambodia: Human Rights
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000063)
China: Family Planning
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000064)
Departmental Accountancy
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000065)
Departmental Catering
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000066)
Departmental Internet
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000067)
Departmental Public Expenditure
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000068)
Elections: Monitoring
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000069)
Exchange Rates
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000070)
Hezbollah
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000071)
India: Terrorism
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000072)
Iran
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000073)
Iran: Nuclear Power
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000074)
Iraq: Capital Punishment
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000075)
Iraq: Females
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000076)
Middle East: Armed Conflict
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000077)
Middle East: Peace Negotiations
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000078)
Morocco: Fisheries
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000079)
Morocco: Mining
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000080)
Nepal: Human Rights
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000081)
North Korea: Capital Punishment
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000082)
North Korea: Political Prisoners
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000083)
Palestinians: Fisheries
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000084)
Palestinians: Postal Services
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000085)
Philippines: Politics and Government
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000086)
Ron Arad
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000087)
Seoul
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000088)
Sri Lanka: Human Rights
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000089)
Sri Lanka: Politics and Government
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000090)
Sudan: Peacekeeping Operations
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000091)
Sudan: Politics and Government
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000092)
Terrorism: Finance
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000093)
Thailand: Demonstrations
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000094)
Treaty of Lisbon
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000095)
UN Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000096)
UN World Conference against Racism
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000097)
Uzbekistan: Sanctions
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000098)
Uzbekistan: Visas
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000099)
Zimbabwe: Politics and Government
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000100)
Northern Ireland
Departmental Bank Services
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000101)
Departmental Catering
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000102)
Departmental Plants
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000103)
Drugs: Crime
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000104)
Northern Ireland Compensation Agency
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000105)
Northern Ireland Prison Service: Manpower
(item number 1)
(id 09032312000106)
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Animal Welfare
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000007)
Animal Welfare: EU Law
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000008)
Bovine Tuberculosis
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000009)
Central Heating
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000010)
Compost
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000011)
Departmental Manpower
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000012)
Floods
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000013)
Floods: Property Development
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000014)
Food Supply
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000015)
Food: Packaging
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000016)
Incinerators: Hazardous Substances
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000017)
Metals: Recycling
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000018)
Patagial Tagging
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000019)
Pigs
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000020)
Plastics: Recycling
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000021)
Recycling: North West
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000022)
Renewable Energy: Waste
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000023)
Soya: Imports
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000024)
Culture, Media and Sport
Cultural Relations
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000025)
Departmental Data Protection
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000026)
Departmental Lost Property
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000027)
Departmental NDPBs: Pay
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000028)
Departmental Public Consultations
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000029)
Gaming Machines: Coastal Areas
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000030)
Government Olympic Executive
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000031)
Hotels: Fires
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000032)
Research: Finance
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000033)
Royal Parks Agency: Repairs and Maintenance
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000034)
Sports: Grants
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000035)
Sports: Public Consultation
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000036)
Tourism: Coastal Areas
(item number 1)
(id 09032318000037)
Communities and Local Government
Community Relations
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000003)
Council Housing: Rents
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000004)
Home Ownership Incentive Schemes
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000005)
Homebuy Scheme
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000006)
Homelessness
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000007)
Housing: Construction
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000008)
Housing: Low Incomes
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000009)
Housing: Prices
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000010)
Mortgages: Government Assistance
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000011)
Multiple Occupation
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000012)
Planning Obligations
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000013)
Planning Permission
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000014)
Planning: Horticulture
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000015)
Property Development
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000016)
Property Transfer
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000017)
Regional Planning and Development
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000018)
Repossession Orders
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000019)
Shared Ownership Schemes
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000020)
Social Rented Housing
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000021)
Tenant Services Authority
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000022)
Work and Pensions
Children: Maintenance
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000023)
Departmental Absenteeism
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000024)
Departmental Official Engagements
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000025)
Departmental Postal Services
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000026)
Departmental Press
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000027)
Departmental Surveys
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000028)
Departmental Temporary Employment
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000029)
Departmental Training
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000030)
Disability Living Allowance
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000031)
Disability Living Allowance: Tamworth
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000032)
Disability Living Allowance: Yorkshire and the Humber
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000033)
Employment and Support Allowance
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000034)
Incapacity Benefit: Employment Schemes
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000035)
Industrial Health and Safety: Sellafield
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000036)
Jobseeker's Allowance
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000037)
Members: Correspondence
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000038)
Social Security Benefits
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000039)
Social Security Benefits: Disabled
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000040)
State Retirement Pension
(item number 1)
(id 09032328000041)
Treasury
Banks: Finance
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000002)
Child Tax Credit
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000003)
Departmental Bank Services
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000004)
Departmental Meetings
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000005)
Departmental Ministerial Policy Advisers
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000006)
Departmental Visits Abroad
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000007)
Equitable Life: Compensation
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000008)
Income Tax
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000009)
Members: Correspondence
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000010)
Mortgages
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000011)
Moscow
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000012)
Revenue and Customs
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000013)
Tax Allowances: Cultural Heritage
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000014)
Tax Credit Office: Costs
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000015)
Taxation: Arms Trade
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000016)
Taxation: Overpayments
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000017)
Taxation: Pensioners
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000018)
VAT: Clothing
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000019)
VAT: Stationery
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000020)
Welfare Tax Credits: Death
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000021)
Welfare Tax Credits: Overpayments
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000022)
Working Families Tax Credit
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000023)
Working Tax Credit
(item number 1)
(id 09032331000024)
Children, Schools and Families
Children: Databases
(item number 1)
(id 09032333000002)
Children: Protection
(item number 1)
(id 09032333000003)
Departmental Surveys
(item number 1)
(id 09032333000004)
National Curriculum Tests
(item number 1)
(id 09032333000005)
Parenting Contracts
(item number 1)
(id 09032333000006)
Primary Education
(item number 1)
(id 09032333000007)
Pupils: Bullying
(item number 1)
(id 09032333000008)
Pupils: Disadvantaged
(item number 1)
(id 09032333000009)
Special Educational Needs
(item number 1)
(id 09032333000010)
Special Educational Needs: Barnsley
(item number 1)
(id 09032333000011)
Special Educational Needs: National Curriculum Tests
(item number 1)
(id 09032333000012)
Specialist Schools
(item number 1)
(id 09032333000013)
Teenage Pregnancy
(item number 1)
(id 09032333000014)
Written Questions: Government Responses
(item number 1)
(id 09032333000015)
Home Department
Special Constables
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000002)
Class A Drugs
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000003)
Neighbourhood Policing Schemes
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000004)
Child Trafficking
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000005)
Statistics
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000006)
Border Security
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000007)
Online Crime Maps
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000008)
Antisocial Behaviour
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000009)
Identity Information: Cross-Border Travel
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000010)
Departmental Spending
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000011)
Domestic Violence Victims
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000012)
Trafficking of Women: Sexual Exploitation
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000013)
London Olympics: Security
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000014)
S and Marper: DNA Data
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000015)
Cocaine
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000016)
Anti-Semitism
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000017)
Asylum: Deportation
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000018)
Asylum: Finance
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000019)
Asylum: Palestinians
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000020)
Borders: Personal Records
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000021)
Departmental Data Protection
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000022)
Detainees: Children
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000023)
Domestic Violence: Cumbria
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000024)
Drugs: Crime
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000025)
Dual Nationality
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000026)
Entry Clearances: South Africa
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000027)
Human Trafficking: Children
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000028)
Illegal Immigrants
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000029)
Illegal Immigrants: Arrests
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000030)
Illegal Immigrants: Deportation
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000031)
Immigration
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000032)
Immigration Controls: Freight
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000033)
Members: Correspondence
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000034)
Police: Translation Services
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000035)
Sexual Offences
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000036)
Sexual Offences: Forensic Science
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000037)
Standing Advisory Committees
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000038)
Theft: Motor Vehicles
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000039)
Vetting
(item number 1)
(id 09032339000040)
Duchy of Lancaster
Birth Certificates
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000004)
Cancer: Barnsley
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000005)
Children
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000006)
Colorectal Cancer
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000007)
Death: Drugs
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000008)
Departmental Buildings
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000009)
Departmental Pay
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000010)
Departmental Public Relations
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000011)
Disabled: Barnsley
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000012)
Disabled: Greater London
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000013)
Foreigners
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000014)
Government Departments: ICT
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000015)
Leukaemia
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000016)
National Minimum Wage
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000017)
Redundancy: Barnsley
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000018)
Small Businesses: Tamworth
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000019)
Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform
Burma: EU External Trade
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000020)
Burma: Overseas Trade
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000021)
Colombia: Overseas Trade
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000022)
Consumers: Fees and Charges
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000023)
Cost of Living
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000024)
Overseas Trade: Western Sahara
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000025)
Sudan: Overseas Trade
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000026)
United Arab Emirates: Debts
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000027)
Uzbekistan: Overseas Trade
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000028)
Innovation, Universities and Skills
Adult Education: Finance
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000029)
Apprentices
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000030)
Departmental Manpower
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000031)
Departmental Recruitment
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000032)
Departmental Temporary Employment
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000033)
Education
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000034)
Liverpool University
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000035)
Unemployed: North East
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000036)
Vocational Training: ICT
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000037)
Young People: Unemployment
(item number 1)
(id 09032341000038)
Health
Antidepressants: Children
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000004)
Arthritis: Waiting Lists
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000005)
Baby Care Units: Nurses
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000006)
Dementia
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000007)
Departmental Buildings
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000008)
Departmental ICT
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000009)
Departmental Lost Property
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000010)
Disabled: Elderly
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000011)
Diseases
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000012)
Gosport War Memorial Hospital
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000013)
Health Centres: Kettering
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000014)
Health Centres: Nurses
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000015)
Health Services: North East
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000016)
Health Visitors: Yorkshire and the Humber
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000017)
Hospitals: Admissions
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000018)
Hospitals: Infectious Diseases
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000019)
Incontinence: Medical Equipment
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000020)
Injuries: Offensive Weapons
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000021)
Learning Disability: Care Homes
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000022)
Malnutrition
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000023)
Medical Records
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000024)
Mentally Ill: Children
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000025)
Midwives
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000026)
NHS: Finance
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000027)
NHS: ICT
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000028)
NHS: Statistics
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000029)
NHS: Working Hours
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000030)
Occupational Therapy
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000031)
Patients: Surveys
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000032)
Physiology
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000033)
Primary Care Trusts
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000034)
Strokes: Health Services
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000035)
Energy and Climate Change
Biofuels
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000036)
Carbon Emissions: Buildings
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000037)
Carbon Sequestration
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000038)
Departmental Art Works
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000039)
Departmental Disciplinary Proceedings
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000040)
Departmental Location
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000041)
Departmental Ministerial Policy Advisers
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000042)
Departmental Performance Appraisal
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000043)
Departmental Surveys
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000044)
Deposited Papers
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000045)
Electric Cables
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000046)
Electricity Generation
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000047)
Energy: Consumers
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000048)
Energy: Meters
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000049)
EU Emissions Trading Scheme
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000050)
Government Communications
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000051)
Members: Correspondence
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000052)
Natural Gas
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000053)
Nuclear Power Stations
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000054)
Renewable Energy: Public Consultation
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000055)
Justice
Departmental Disciplinary Proceedings
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000056)
Entry Clearances: Appeals
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000057)
Extradition: USA
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000058)
Firearms: Young People
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000059)
Haverigg Prison
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000060)
Immigration: Appeals
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000061)
Legal Aid: Housing
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000062)
Libel: Legal Aid
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000063)
Magistrates Courts
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000064)
Magistrates: Barnsley
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000065)
Offenders: Rehabilitation
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000066)
Open Prisons: Prisoner Escapes
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000067)
Police Custody
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000068)
Police Custody: Food
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000069)
Prisoners: Mentally Ill
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000070)
Prisons: Cleaning Services
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000071)
Prisons: Food
(item number 1)
(id 0903241000072)
Downloads
Download content and documents relevant to the day's proceedings.